Confined Space Entry

1. Confined Space Entry Presented by: RIT Environmental Health & Safety Department

2. Confined Space Hazard History • Training and proper planning are critical for safe confined space entry • Average of 67 fatalities in confined spaces annually • Up to 60% of the fatalities are would be rescuers • (why we will not be doing emergency rescue that requires entering the space)

3. Confined Space Hazard History • Virginia Beach, VA –one worker killed and one FF killed in a ship hold. Worker died because of compressor failure, firefighter died during rescue attempt • Phoenix, Arizona- one worker and one FF killed. Fourteen other FF injured during a rescue attempt from an above ground storage tank • Both in different locations, all different rescues, however all had the same results, death and injury occurred to would be rescuers. These all occurred while performing rescues from a silent and potentially deadly killer-confined spaces.

4. Confined Space Entry-Physiological and Psychological Considerations • Entering confined spaces can be a dangerous and stressful situation. There may be physical constraints and in many cases hazards you can encounter. These can cause physical, physiological and psychological burdens on the person entering. • Some common reactions-Anxiety, claustrophobia, panic

5. Confined Space Entry-Physiological and Psychological Considerations • For some these conditions could escalate inside a confined space and result in injury or illness to the person in the space, and could lead to a scenario requiring the person to be rescued. • If you know that you react with anxiety, have panic attacks, or experience claustrophobic tendencies, DON’T enter confined spaces.

6. General Industry Standard 1910.146 Best Practices for all Industries Confined Space Entry

7. Confined Space Definition A space that: • Is large enough and configured so employee can bodily enter; AND • Has a limited/restricted means for entry or exit; AND • Is not designed for continuous occupancy. • Is greater than 5 feet in depth Note: The space has to be all to be classified as a confined space.

8. Most confined spaces are not designed to enter and work in on a regular basis. Product storage Enclose materials or processes Transport products or substances Occasional worker entry for inspection, repair, cleanup, maintenance, etc. Not Designed for Continuous Worker Occupancy

9. Limited and/or Restricted Access • No clear definition in the regulations • For RIT purposes, “limited or restricted means for entry or exit” corresponds to those entryways that have: • a lip (threshold) of greater than six inches in height, • a width of less than two feet, and/or • the total door height is less than five and one-half feet

10. Entering Non-Permit Required Confined Spaces RIT Employees may enter a non-permit required confined space without any prior EH&S authorization, however safety procedures outlined in this plan and for the individual space must be followed.

11. Entering Non-Permit Required Confined Spaces (cont.) Those procedures may include, but are not limited to: • 2 way communication via cell phone or radio • Notification to FMS Call Center during normal business hours or your Group Leader after hours • Notification shall include time you are entering and when you expect to exit • If space is one that has been reclassified from a permit required space, a copy of the completed reclassification permit shall be faxed to EH&S x 2966 within 2 business days.

12. How to Identify “ Non-Permit-Required” Confined Spaces

13. Re-Classification of a “Permit-Required” Confined Space • In order to avoid going through the formal “Permit-Required” confined space entry program and associated testing and monitoring, a “Permit-Required” confined space may be reclassified as “Non-Permit-Required” confined space. • This only applies to “Permit-Required” confined spaces that pose no actual or potential atmospheric hazards and all other spaces where hazards can be eliminated from outside of the space without requiring entry into the space to eliminate those hazards.

14. In order to re-classify a permit required confined space, a Reclassification of a Permit-Required Confined Space-Hazard Elimination Certificate must be filled out and posted at the job site. (Forms found on EH&S website.) EH&S must be notified of all Permit-Required Confined Space Re-Classifications. If space is one that has been reclassified from a permit required space, a copy of the completed reclassification permit shall be faxed to EHS x 2966 within 2 business days. Re-Classification of a “Permit-Required” Confined Space (cont.)

15. Mechanical/Physical Hazard Elimination Certificate

16. Atmospheric & Mechanical/Physical Hazard Elimination Certificate

17. Unusual confined spaces

18. Permit-Required Confined Space Definition Must fall under the definition of a confined space and has one or more of the following hazards: • Electrical or Mechanical Hazard • Unfavorable Natural Ventilation • Oxygen deficient atmosphere (<19.5%) or enriched atmosphere (>23.5%)

19. Permit-Required Confined Space Definition (cont.) • Toxic atmosphere (Hydrogen Sulfide, Carbon Monoxide) • Thermal: Temperature Extremes • Flammable or explosive atmosphere ( at or above 10% LEL) • Engulfment potential • Sloping or inwardly converging floors, Noise, Slick/Wet Surfaces, Falling Objects

20. Boiler, Degreaser, Furnace, Tanks Pipeline, Pit, Pumping Station Reaction or Process Vessel Sewer, Utility Vault, Manhole Trenches, Shafts, Caissons Typical Permit Required Confined Spaces

21. How to Identify “Permit-Required” Confined Spaces RIT has identified confined spaces across campus. Each confined space that has been classified as a “Permit-required” confined space is posted with the following sign: Permit-Required Confined Space DO NOT ENTER For Entry Contact Environmental Health & Safety at 475-2040 In Case of an Emergency Contact Public Safety at 475-3333 V/TTY

22. Entering “Permit Required” Confined Spaces • No entry without an RIT permit. (Permit forms will be available by contacting EH&S only) • Permit must be written and posted at the job site. • Permit is used to: • prevent unauthorized entry • identify and evaluate the hazards • ensure safe practices

23. Entering Permit Required Confined Spaces- that can NOT be reclassified • If an employee needs to enter a confined space that is classified as “permit required”, they must first follow the procedures outlined in the Permit-Required Confined Space Entry Plan. • This type of entry requires a minimum of 48 hour notification to EH&S, unless it is an emergency.

24. Confined Space Hazards – Electrical and/or Mechanical Hazards • A confined space may include equipment or conditions that could lead to mechanical or physical hazards • These conditions need to be properly controlled prior to entry into the space.

25. Confined Space Hazards - Unfavorable Natural Ventilation • Lack of air movement in and out of the space can create an atmosphere much different than the outside atmosphere. • Deadly gases can be trapped inside. • Organic materials can decompose. • Decreased oxygen level • Presence of other gases • Chemical reactions such as rusting • Worker(s) consumption rate of oxygen

26. Confined Space Hazards - Oxygen Deficient Atmospheres 19.5 % Minimum acceptable oxygen level. 15 - 19% Decreased ability to work strenuously. Impair coordination. Early symptoms. 12-14% Respiration increases. 10-12% Respiration increases. Lips blue. 8-10% Mental failure. Fainting. Nausea Unconsciousness. Vomiting. 6-8% 6 minutes - 50% fatality 4-5 minutes - possible recovery. 4-6% Coma in 40 seconds. Death.

27. Confined Space Hazards - Oxygen Enriched Atmospheres • Oxygen level above 23.5%. • Causes flammable and combustible materials to burn violently when ignited. • Hair, clothing, materials, etc. • Oil soaked clothing and materials. • Never use pure oxygen to ventilate. • Never store or place compressed tanks in a confined space.

28. Confined Space Hazards - Toxic Atmospheres • Product stored in a confined space: • Materials absorbed into walls of confined space • Decomposition of materials in the confined space • Work performed in a confined space: • Gases released when cleaning • Welding, cutting, brazing, soldering • Painting, scraping, sanding, degreasing • Sealing, bonding, melting

29. Confined Space Hazards – Hydrogen Sulfide • Decomposition of materials. Human waste. • Rotten egg odor at low concentrations. • Odor smell unreliable-sense of smell diminishes with time. PPMEffectTime 50 ppm Permissible Exposure Level 8 Hours 20 ppm Short-Term Exposure Level 10-minute peak 50 - 100 Mild Irritation - eyes, throat 1 Hour 200 - 300 Significant Irritation 1 Hour 500 -700 Unconsciousness, Death 1/2 - 1 Hour >1000 Unconsciousness, Death Minutes

30. Odorless, Colorless Gas. Combustion By-Product. Quickly collapse at high concentrations. PPMEffectTime 50 PEL 8 Hours 200 Slight headache, discomfort 3 Hours 600 Headache, 1 Hour discomfort 1000- Confusion, 2 Hours 2000 nausea, headache 1000- Tendency to stagger 1.5 Hours 2000 1000- Slight heart 30 Min. 2000 palpitation 2000-2500 Unconsciousness 30 Min. Confined Space Hazards -Carbon Monoxide

31. Confined Space Hazard - Temperature Extremes • Extremely hot or cold temperatures. • Steam cleaning of confined spaces. • Humidity factors. • Extremely cold liquids. • Work processes inside the confined space can increase temperature extremes.

32. Confined Space Hazards - Flammable Atmospheres • 3 Critical Factors: • Oxygen content in the air • Presence of a flammable gas, or vapor • Presence of dust (visibility of 5’ or less) • Proper air/gas mixture can lead to explosion • Typical Ignition Sources: • Sparking or electric tool • Welding / cutting operations • Smoking

33. Confined Space Hazard - Engulfment • Engulfment is the entrapment of a person by the contents of a space. The contents surround the entrant(s) and holds them. The substance can be a liquid or flowable solid substance. • Loose, granular materials stored in bins and hoppers - grain, sand, coal, etc. • Flooding of confined space • Water or sewage flow

34. Confined Space Hazards - Other Hazards • Noise • Amplified due to acoustics within the space • Damaged hearing, affect communication • Slick / Wet Surfaces • Slips and falls • Increased chance of electric shock • Falling Objects • Topside openings expose workers inside confined space to falling objects

35. RIT Confined Space Permits • When RIT employees are required to enter permit-required confined spaces, specific precautions must be taken to ensure that the entry is performed in a safe way. • Permits ensure all necessary precautions are undertaken. • Permit-Required Confined Space Entry Permit • Reclassification of a Permit-Required Confined Space - Hazard Elimination Certificate

36. Permit-Required Confined Space Entry Permit • An Entry Supervisor will be designated for each permit-required confined space entry. • The Entry Supervisor will fill out the Entry Permit and post it at the entry to the confined space. • The Permit verifies pre-entry precautions have been taken and the space is safe to enter. • The Permit also specifies apparent hazards and corrective actions taken prior to entry.

37. Permit-Required Confined Space Entry Permit • The Entry Supervisor may also serve as the attendant or as an authorized entrant for an entry operation, as long as they are properly trained and equipped for each role. • The duties of Entry Supervisor may also be passed from one individual to another during the course of an entry operation, as long as the terms and requirements of the Entry Permit continue to be met. This transfer of duties should be noted on the entry permit for each transfer.

38. Permit-Required Confined Space Entry Permit • The exception to this is when the confined space contains an immediately dangerous to life or health (IDLH) atmosphere. One employee or, when needed, more than one employee must be located outside the IDLH atmosphere per the OSHA Respirator Protection Standard (29 CFR 1910.134 (g) (3) ). Definition- • Immediately dangerous to life or health (IDLH) means an atmosphere that poses an immediate threat to life, would cause irreversible adverse health effects, or would impair an individual's ability to escape from a dangerous atmosphere. • One member of the team must be First Aid & CPR trained (outside the confined space).

39. The Entry Permit will include: Purpose of entry and known hazards Duration of entry permit time Authorized entrants, attendants, supervisors Air testing results - signature of tester Protective measures to be taken Name and phone numbers of rescue and emergency services Communication procedures Special equipment and procedures Personal protective equipment Alarm procedures Rescue equipment Respirators Permit-Required Confined Space Entry Permit (Cont.)

40. Permit Required Confined SpaceEntry Permit

41. Permit-Required Confined Space Entry Permit (cont.) • The space will be isolated and ventilated. • Atmospheric testing and monitoring will be performed to ensure a non-hazardous atmosphere in the space. • Requires termination of permit when task is completed or when new conditions exist or personnel change in space

42. Isolation • Locking and tagging out electrical sources. • Blanking and bleeding pneumatic and hydraulic lines. • Disconnecting mechanical drives and shafts. • Securing mechanical parts. • Blanking sewer and water flow. • Locking and tagging out shutoff valves.

43. Ventilation • First option to correct problems. • Must be aware of hazards you are trying to correct in the confined space. • Air intake in a safe location to draw fresh air only. • Continuous ventilation whenever possible. • Retest the confined space before entry.

44. Must be conducted prior to anyentry to verify the presence of safe work atmosphere. Overseen by Entry Supervisor Must test for (in order) Oxygen Flammability Toxicity Carbon Monoxide is the same weight as air. Hydrogen Sulfide is heavier than air. Methane is lighter than air. Testing and Monitoring

45. Never trust your senses to determine if the air in a confined space is SAFE! You cannot see or smell many toxic gases and vapors, nor can you determine the level of oxygen present. Testing and Monitoring (cont.)

46. Personal Protective Equipment • Each Confined Space Entry Permit will specify the PPE required for the job

47. Non-Entry Rescue Non-entry emergency rescue services may be provided by crewmembers designated as emergency personnel on the permit. Non-entry mechanical means for rescue (winch/tripod) must be in use. Each entrant shall use a chest/full body harness with a retrieval line attached to the winch/tripod. Rescue Services

48. Rescue Services (cont.) Entry Rescue • If more than one entrant is needed, more than one mechanical means for rescue must be employed (i.e., one entrant attached to one tripod). • Such personnel shall be trained in First Aid and CPR. If this is not the case, then outside rescue services must be called. • At no time is an RIT employee or contractor approved to bodily enter a space to rescue an entrant.

49. Rescue Services (cont.) • All entry rescues must be performed by emergency service personnel (Henrietta Fire Department). • Calls placed for emergency services will be directed through the RIT Campus Safety Department at Extension 5-3333. • The person calling in the emergency will remain on the telephone with the RIT Campus Safety Department Dispatcher until the Dispatcher informs him/her that they have all the information they need.

50. What ifs - In case of illness or injury • When communication is difficult due to noise or inability to use cell phones or radios, another communication method needs to be recognized and in place. • O.A.T.H. (Ok, Advance, Take up, Help) • A series of tugs on the tag line enables this method