APA STYLE

1. APA STYLE Created by Denise Regeimbal and Amanda Rutstein, 2012 Updated by Connie Dowell, 2014

2. Basic APA Research Paper Elements • Structure and content • Clear and concise organization • Mechanics of style • Tables and figures • Parenthetical citations • References

3. Language and Bias APA is a style developed for scientific research. As such, APA papers strive to achieve clarity and to avoid bias or biased language. Try not to use language that makes assumptions about particular demographic groups or reinforces stereotypes. Additionally, while you may come to conclusions about data, avoid personal opinions not backed by evidence or discussion of personal experiences (unless permitted by your assignment).

4. Getting StartedGeneral Document Formatting • Setting up a Word document • Select Font/Font Size • Times New Roman • Font Size 12 • 1” margins all around • Left justified with right ragged edge • Double spaced • All paper elements should be double spaced except in-text table/figure notation • Indent the first line of all paragraphs

5. Title Page Elements • Header • Running head and paper title • Page numbers • Title page body • Paper Title • Your Name • Institution • The university pledge APA sample title page

6. Basic APA Elements of a Research Paper • Abstract • Sample APA style research paper • Basic Elements of a Research Paper • Introduction • Body of paper • In-text citations • Parenthetical     • Tables and figures • Conclusion • References • Reference page format • Order of source information for each resource • Order of all sources on reference page (alphabetized) • Hanging indent—1/2 inch

7. How to Set up in Word The following tutorial shows the basics of setting up your format. The examples show screenshots of Microsoft Word 2010 on a PC. For other versions of Word, you will still be changing the same settings, but where you find those settings on the user interface may be different.

8. Microsoft Word defaults to Calibri 11 point font. Change it under the Home tab, as shown below. You will need to change both the font name and the font size.

9. Change the font size to 12, as shown below.

10. Newer versions of Word, like this one, default to the correct margins, but should you need to change them, you will go to page layout. New versions have this under the Page Layout tab. Older versions may have these settings under File.

11. Begin the Running Head Warning: You will need at least two pages in your document to do this setup. On your first page, insert a blank header under the Insert tab.

12. You will be taken to the Design tab. Click the box that says “Different First Page.”

13. Insert your page numbers as shown below. Choose “Top of Page” and “Plain Number 3.”

14. Click around on the left side of the header until you get a blinking line. Then, type “Running head:” and the title of your paper in all caps. Some people have trouble finding the spot to place their cursor so they can type. It will be exactly 1 inch from the left edge of the page and slightly below the page number.

15. Even though you changed the font for the body of the paper, Word will default to Calibri 11 for the Running Head and page number. You can highlight each and change the font to Times New Roman 12. It is easiest to change the Running Head first, then the page number, instead of trying to highlight both at once.

16. On the second page, you will repeat the process. Insert a new page number, then type in a new header. This time, you will type just the title of your paper in all caps. You will also need to change the font again on this page as well. After page two, that header will carry over to your subsequent pages. You’re done!

17. Heading Levels • Headings separate sections of a paper. They make it easy to organize your ideas and transition between them. • Headings also make it easier for readers to follow along. • APA has five different heading levels, so that you can easily identify major sections and subsections of a paper. You would use a level one heading for the major sections of your paper, but if a level one section had subsections, those subsections would be level two. Subsections of level two sections would be level three, etc.

18. Heading Levels in Action

19. Parenthetical Citations: Paraphrasing • Paraphrased information is cited with the last name(s) of the author(s) and the year of publication. Punctuation goes after the parentheses. • You can include your citation at the end of the sentence. • Example: Cake is an ancient dessert (Smith, 2013). • Or if you use the author’s name in the sentence, you can place the year in parentheses next to it. • Example: According to Smith (2013), cake is an ancient dessert. • Some professors require page or paragraph numbers for paraphrased material, but others may think you are quoting if you include them, so always ask!

20. Parenthetical Citations: Quoting • Quoted material is cited with the author(s), the year of publication and the page or paragraph numbers of the quotation. • …end of the quote” (Smith, 2013, p. 7). • Or for multiple pages: (Smith, 2013, pp.7-8). • …end of the quote” (Smith, 2013, para. 7). • For multiple paragraphs: (Smith, 2013, para. 7-8). • Paragraph numbers are used for online documents without page numbers.

21. Quotation Rules • Frame all quotes. That means introduce them and explain or discuss them. • Block quotes: • Any quote longer than 40 words (or at the professor’s discretion) • Indent each line of the quote. • For quotes that stretch over more than one paragraph, further indent the first line of the new paragraph (as shown on the next slide). • Omit quotation marks. • Though the APA book shows examples in single space, it instructs readers to double space their block quotes.

22. Block Quote Example Introduction to block quote: The first line of text begins here. This line starts a new paragraph within the block quote. The paragraph continues onto the next line and so forth. Note the indentation showing the start of a new paragraph. After you have finished your quote, you will return to typing flush left (Smith, 2013, p. 7). The paragraph picks up here.

23. Changes in Quotations • You can alter capitalization of the first word or punctuation marks within quotes to make them work in your sentence. You don’t need to indicate that you have changed anything. • If you omit part of the quote, use ellipses (…) to show something is missing. • If you must change or insert a word for clarity, do so within brackets. If you add emphasis (italics), use [emphasis added]. • To indicate that an unusual spelling or grammatical issue in a quote is original (and not your mistake) use [sic] after the error.

24. Example “This quote has been changed quite a bit… but the writer of the paper has been careful to indicate where changes have been made… [The writer] has also only made changes needed for clarity and to eliminate unnecessary passages. It is important not to twist the meaning of the origenal [sic] author when altering a quote” (McAuthorman, 2014, p.34).

25. Multiple Authors, One Source • Authors are cited in the order in which they appear on the document you are citing. • (Smith & Young, 2013). • (Smith, Young, & Blunt, 2013). • When using authors’ names in a sentence, do not use “&.” Spell out “and.” • Jones and Rivers (2012) describe… • For citations with more than two authors, use all names the first time you cite. In subsequent citations use only the first author, then “et al.” • (Smith, et al., 2013)

26. Multiple Sources • Sometimes you may paraphrase information that is echoed in multiple sources. Use a single set of parentheses and separate citations with a semicolon. Order them alphabetically. • (Blunt, 2005; Smith, 2013; Young, 2001).

27. Secondary Source Citations • It is best to see the original source if possible, but sometimes you may need to cite ideas that were cited in one of your sources, though you could not read the original work. Do not include secondary sources on your reference page, but do give credit in the text and cite the source you did see like this: • Jones’ research (as cited in Young, 2012)… • In the example above, Young is the source the writer saw. He or she did not see Jones’ work. Young would go on the reference page. Jones would not.

28. Personal Communications • Interviews, phone conversations, emails and other forms of private communication are cited in the text, but do not appear on the reference page. • Using the name in a sentence: • J. Smith (personal communication, September 20, 2012) stated that… • At the end of a sentence: • (J. Smith, personal communication, September 20, 2012)

29. Some Common Reference Types • Book: Smith, J. & Young, K. L. (2012). Book title. Location: Publisher. • Chapter in an Edited Book: Young, K. L. (2002). Chapter title. In J. Smith (Ed.), Book title. (pp. 7-22). Location: Publisher. • Ebook: Smith, J. & Young, K. L. (2012). Book title. Retrieved from http://www.example.com • Journal Article: Blunt, R. S. & Young, K. L. (2005). Title of the article. Name of the Journal, 7(2), 29-38. doi: xxxxxxx

30. What’s a DOI? • A DOI (digital object identifier) is a number used to index journal articles (and some other documents) so that researchers can easily locate them and buy copies or access supplemental material. • The DOI may appear with other publication information on the first or last page of a journal article or in an upper or lower corner. You may also find the DOI with the abstract when you find a journal through a database. • If a journal article has no DOI, and it is available online, end the reference with “Retrieved from” and the URL of the journal’s home page.

31. What about a Website? • APA does not provide reference examples for simple websites. You can construct references for individual pages using principles of APA citation. The following are commonly used constructions, but ALWAYS check with your professor to find out his or her preferred style! Author, A. (2013). Title of page. Retrieved from http://www.exampleurl.com/ Author, A. (2013). Title of page. Retrieved from http://www.exampleurl.com/ • Again, these are NOT official APA examples. There are NO APA examples for websites.

32. Missing Information • If you don’t have a date on a document, use “n.d.” in the reference and for in text citations. • (Smith, n.d., p. 7). • If there is no author listed for a document put the title first, then the date, then the rest of the reference information. For in-text citations, use the first few words of the title in place of the author: (“The great depression,” 2003). • Keep in mind, however, that authors are not always individual people. Corporations, organizations, or government entities can be authors of material produced on behalf of the organization as a whole.

33. Finding Information From a Journal Article Listing in a Database We’ll need to fix capitals on the title. We don’t need this last part. We just need the year, not the season.

34. And the DOI

35. In the Citation • Example: Blunt, R. S. & Young, K. L. (2005). Title of the article. Name of the Journal, 7(2), 29-38. doi: xxxxxxx • Our Citation: Grise-Owens, E. & Crum, K. (2012). Teaching writing as a professional practice skill: A curricular example. Journal of Social Work Education, 46(3), 517-536. doi: 10.5175/jswe.2012.201000030 Notice, the volume number goes in italics with the issue number in normal type and in parentheses next to it: 46(3) Also note, the page numbers have no special abbreviation, no p., pp., pg. or otherwise, just numbers: 517-535.

36. Using Database Generated Citations Notice the difference between the citation generated below and the one on the previous page. Automatic citation generators cannot fix the capitalization for you.

37. Working from a PDF or Printed Copy: Title and Authors

38. The Rest of the information

39. Making a Hanging Indent Highlight your reference and open the paragraph dialog box.

40. Under Indent, Select Hanging, then click “OK”

41. Now the text has a hanging indent

42. Extras for APA in General • Follow the professor’s specific instructions, even if they are different from APA rules. • Whole numbers under 10 are spelled out while whole numbers 10 and up are numerical. • Article titles are not framed with quotation marks in the reference list. • PDFs of documents can be cited just like paper copies. • Do not cite Wikipedia… just don’t.

43. Writing Center Information Fredericksburg Campus Writing Center (540) 654-1036 Located in Trinkle 107A Monday-Thursday 10-5 and Friday 10-3 Stafford Campus Writing Center (540) 286-8109 Located in the lobby of the South Building Monday-Thursday 3-8; Friday 3-7 Online-only hours Monday-Thursday, Saturday 9-12; Sunday 6-9 *Handouts regarding APA Style guidelines and punctuation rules are available at both the Fredericksburg and Stafford Writing Centers

44. Where to Go For additional Information • Sixth Edition of APA Publication Manual • Purchase highly recommended • Stafford Writing Center website • Stafford Writing Center website • Fredericksburg Writing Center website • Fredericksburg Writing Center website • APA website • APA website • The Purdue Online Writing Lab (Purdue Owl) • Purdue Owl