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Chapter 18 The Cold War Conflicts

Chapter 18 The Cold War Conflicts. The Cold War 1945-1991. The Cold War 1945-1991. The Cold War and the danger of nuclear war define international affairs. Section 1: Origins of the Cold War. Postwar Europe

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Chapter 18 The Cold War Conflicts

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  1. Chapter 18The Cold War Conflicts

  2. The Cold War 1945-1991

  3. The Cold War 1945-1991 The Cold War and the danger of nuclear war define international affairs.

  4. Section 1: Origins of the Cold War • Postwar Europe A. The United States and the Soviet Union emerge from World War II as two “superpowers” with vastly different political and economic systems. The Cold War 1945-1991 B. After the war, U.S. and Soviet political leaders wanted to make Europe stable in order to prevent a future world war. C. Each side wanted its worldview to be dominant (capitalism vs. communism).

  5. II. Former Allies Clash A. U.S.-Soviet Relations 1. U.S., U.S.S.R. have very different economic, political systems 2. U.S. vs. USSR (Soviet Union) CapitalismCommunism Private property State owns DemocraticTotalitarian 3. U.S. suspicious of Stalin because he had been Hitler’s ally 4. Stalin resents that U.S. delayed attacking Germany and hid atom bomb

  6. B. The United Nations 1. 1945, United Nations established as new peacekeeping body 2. UN becomes arena where U.S., U.S.S.R. compete

  7. C. The Potsdam Conference • Harry S. Truman succeeds FDR as president • As vice-president, Truman was not included in policy decisions- was not told about atom bomb 1. July 1945 conference with U.S., Great Britain, Soviet Union 2. Stalin does not allow free, multiparty elections in Poland - bansdemocratic parties-SOVIET BLOC

  8. Soviet Bloc 3. SOVIET BLOC = Countries of Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia and Albania were under Soviet control and had communist governments.

  9. EASTERN BLOC

  10. III. Tension Mounts A. Bargaining at Potsdam 1. Truman becomes convinced that U.S., Soviet aims deeply at odds 2. Soviets want reparations from Germany; Truman objects 3. Agree to take reparations mainly from own occupationzones

  11. Tension Mounts B. Soviets Tighten Their Grip on EasternEurope 1. Installs communist rule in satellite nations, countries it dominates 2. 1946, Stalin announces war between communism, capitalism inevitable C. United States Establishes a Policy of Containment 1. U.S. policy of containment —measures to prevent spread of communism 2.Churchill describes division of Europe as iron curtain

  12. Iron Curtain

  13. The “Iron Curtain” From Stettin in the Balkans, to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lies the ancient capitals of Central and Eastern Europe.-- Sir Winston Churchill, 1946

  14. D. Cold War 1. a non-military battle of diplomacy and propaganda between the United States and Soviet Union 2.1945–1991 Cold War —conflict between U.S., U.S.S.R. - neither nation directly confronts the other on battlefield 3. led to “hot” wars around globe in Korea, Vietnam • Many of the smaller wars were called proxy wars because the U.S. and U.S.S.R. never fought face to face

  15. The Ideological Struggle Soviet & Eastern Bloc Nations[“Iron Curtain”] US & the Western Democracies GOAL “Containment” of Communism & the eventual collapse of the Communist world.[George Kennan] GOAL spread world-wide Communism METHODOLOGIES: • Espionage [KGB vs. CIA] • Arms Race [nuclear escalation] • Ideological Competition for the minds and hearts of Third World peoples [Communist govt. & command economy vs. democratic govt. & capitalist economy]  “proxy wars” • Bi-Polarization of Europe [NATO vs. Warsaw Pact]

  16. IV. Cold War in EuropeFIGHTING COMMUNISM A. CONTAINMENTPOLICY: The U.S. would work to stop the spread of communism. 1. Truman Doctrine 2. Marshall Plan 3. NATO and other alliances 4.Containment led to wars in Korea and Vietnam.

  17. The Truman Doctrine B. Truman Doctrine—U.S. wouldaid countries around the world who are fighting communism (like Greece and Turkey). 1. It signaled the end of “isolationist” policies. 2. U.S. replaces British aid to Greece, Turkey; reducecommunist threat C. The Marshall Plan 1. 1947, Sec. of State George Marshall proposes aid to nationsin need 2. Marshall Plan revives 16 nations; Communist parties less appealing

  18. The ‘Truman Doctrine’ • Truman had been horrified at the pre-war Allied policy of appeasement and was determined to stand up to any Soviet intimidation.The Truman Doctrine in March 1947 promised that the USA “would support free peoples who are resisting subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures”. • Triggered by British inability to hold the line in Greece, it was followed by aid to Greece and Turkey, and also money to help capitalists to stop communists in Italy and France.It signalled the end of “isolationist” policies.

  19. The Truman Doctrine & Domino Theory Truman Doctrine: U.S. would aid countries around the world who are fighting communism (like Greece and Turkey). D Domino Theory: If the U.S. doesn’t fight communism, then countries will fall to communism like dominos.

  20. The Marshall Plan 1948 Plan to aid Europe—in ruins Prevent countries from falling to communists Aid American business $17 billion to 16 countries in Europe (not Soviet Union)

  21. The ‘Marshall Plan’ • The Marshall Planoffered huge sums to enable the economies of Europe to rebuild after World War II, and, by generating prosperity, to reject the appeal of Communism. The Soviet Union (USSR) prevented Eastern European countries from receiving American money.

  22. V. Postwar Germany A. Divided into 4 zones: 1. West Germany – U.S., Britain, and France 2. East Germany- Soviets 3. Capitol city of Berlin divided into 4 zones (in East Germany) B. Berlin Airlift: In 1948-49, the U.S. and Europe flew food and supplies to save West Berlin, until Soviets reopened roads.

  23. VI. Superpowers Struggle over Germany The Berlin Airlift A. Berlin Blockade-1948, Stalin closes highway, rail routes into West Berlin 1. one of the first major international crises of the Cold War 2. Soviet Union blocked the Western Allies' railway, road, and canal access to the sectors of Berlin under allied control. 3. Berlin airlift—Britain, U.S. fly food, supplies into West Berlin 4. 1949, Neither side wanted a war; the Soviets did not disrupt the airlift, Stalin lifts blockade 5. Federal Republic of Germany, German Democratic Republic form B. Fear of Soviets leads to North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) 1. European nations, U.S., Canada pledge mutual military support

  24. Improve your knowledge Divided Berlin • The Russians took very high casualties to capture Berlin in May 1945. They spent the early occupation trying to take over all zones of the city but were stopped by German democrats such as Willy Brandt and Konrad Adenauer. Reluctantly the Russians had to admit the Americans, French and British to their respective zones.

  25. Iron Curtain – A term used by Winston Churchill to describe the separating of Those communist lands of East Europe from the West. Divided Germany

  26. Berlin Blockade & Airlift (1948-49)

  27. Berlin • West Berlin, was an outpost of Western democracy and economic success deep within the communist zone – like a capitalist island within communist East Germany • The Berlin Blockadewas an attempt to starve West Berlin into submitting [giving up] to the communists • The Allied [western powers] airlift signalled the West’s determination to use all resources to defend Berlin.It was felt by both sides that Berlin could act as the trigger for general war between capitalist and communist countries

  28. C. NATO vs. WARSAW PACT 1. North Atlantic Treaty Organization: defense alliance among U.S. and Europe against the Soviet Union. Still exists. 2. Warsaw Pact: Defense alliance among Soviet Union and its satellite governments in Eastern Europe.

  29. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (1949) • United States • Belgium • Britain • Canada • Denmark • France • Iceland • Italy • Luxemburg • Netherlands • Norway • Portugal • 1952: Greece & Turkey • 1955: West Germany • 1983: Spain

  30. Warsaw Pact (1955) • U. S. S. R. • Albania • Bulgaria • Czechoslovakia • East Germany • Hungary • Poland • Rumania

  31. Post War Japan: A. U.S. occupied – under General MacArthur 1. New constitution 2. Democracy with Emperor as figurehead 3. Rebuild economy 4. Abolished army and navy B. Tokyo trials convicted war criminals

  32. Section 2: The Cold War Heats Up I. China Becomes a Communist Country A. Chinese Communists battle nationalist government of Chiang Kai-shek • U.S. supports Chiang, but his government is inefficient, corrupt B. Communists, led by Mao Zedong, work to get peasant support C. Peasants flock to Red Army; by 1945, communists control north China

  33. Mao’s Revolution: 1949 Who lost China?

  34. Renewed Civil War D. 1944–47, U.S. sends military aid to Nationalists to oppose communism E. 1949, Nationalists flee to island of Taiwan F. Communists establish People’s Republic of China in mainland G. U.S. does not recognize Communist Chinese government America Reacts to Communist Takeover H. U.S. public stunned by Communist takeover I. Conservatives blame Truman for not sending enough aid

  35. Growing Interest in China People’s Republic of China: • In the 1940’s, China was embroiled in a civil war. Nationalists Led by Chiang Kai-shek Communists Led by Mao Zedong

  36. The U.S. gave the Chiang Kai-shek millions of dollars, but the communists won the war.

  37. China became a communist country, and Chiang Kai-shek and his forces fled to Taiwan.

  38. China and Russia sign a treaty of friendship and alliance

  39. II. The Korean War1950-53 A. First place where the collision between communism and capitalism led to war. B.38th parallel (38º N latitude) divides Japanese surrender in Korea 1. North Korea- Area north of the 38th Parallel that became communist under Russian guidance. 2. South Korea -Area south of the 38th Parallel that became democratic with support from the U.S. C. North of 38th parallel surrenders to U.S.S.R.; south to U.S. 1. Republic of Korea, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea founded D. 1950, North Korea (communist) invades South, begins Korean War E. South Korea calls on UN to stop invasion; Security Council approves F. Macarthur put in command of South Korean, U.S., other forces

  40. Where is Korea?

  41. North Korea Area north of the 38th Parallel that became communist under Russian guidance.

  42. Where is Korea? 38th Parallel

  43. South Korea Area south of the 38th Parallel that became democratic with support from the U.S.

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