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Journal: Genes Control Cellular Activities through Protein Synthesis

This journal discusses the two-step process of protein synthesis and the significance of each step. It also covers the types of RNA, the role of rRNA, regulation of protein synthesis, and various mutations. Additionally, it explains transcription and translation, as well as the use of gel electrophoresis and restriction enzymes in DNA analysis.

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Journal: Genes Control Cellular Activities through Protein Synthesis

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  1. Journal • Genes Control cellular activities through a two step process called protein synthesis. Name and discuss the significance of the two steps.

  2. What is the Sugar in RNA? Ribose

  3. What are the three types of RNA? tRNA, rRNA, mRNA

  4. What does rRNA do? Makes up ribosomes

  5. Is the genetic code different in all organisms? No, the bases are the same different organisms have different sequences

  6. Is protein synthesis regulated? YES

  7. Are all genes transcribed all the time? no

  8. When are the introns removed? Before the mRNA leaves the nucleus

  9. What are introns? Junk DNA/RNA that does not code for proteins

  10. What are exons? DNA/RNA that codes for a protein

  11. What is a change in one or a few nucleotides? Point mutation

  12. What is the type of mutation that occurs if a nucleotide is removed? deletion

  13. What is the type of mutation that occurs when one nucleotide base is swapped for a different nucleotide base? Substitution

  14. What are the RNA base pairing rules? A-U G-C

  15. Where does transcription begin? At a promotor

  16. What are the two processes that make up protein synthesis? Transcription and Translation

  17. What are the complements of codons on tRNA? anticodons

  18. What are three differences between RNA and DNA A. RNA has U instead of T, Ribose instead of deoxyribose, and RNA is single stranded DNA is double stranded

  19. Q. What is the process of making RNA from DNA? A. Transcription

  20. Q. Where does transcription take place? A. in the nucleus

  21. Q. Where does the mRNA go after transcription? A. Out through the cytoplasm to the ribosome

  22. Q. Transcribe this DNA sequence: AAGCATCCTGCA A. UUCGUAGGACGU

  23. Q. What happens to the parent strand of DNA after the mRNA is transcribed? A. it lets go of the mRNA and winds back up

  24. Q. What enzyme is used in transcription? A. RNA polymerase

  25. Q. What does mRNA do? A. carries the genetic information from the DNA in the nucleus out through the cytoplasm to the ribosome

  26. Q. What is a codon and what does it do? A. a set of three nucleotide bases that code for an amino acid

  27. Q. What does tRNA do? A. Brings the amino acids to the correct coding sequences

  28. Q. What organelle is involved in translation? A. Ribosome

  29. Q. Use this mRNA chart to answer the question AAG - lysine GAA – glutamine ACU - threonine GGC – glycine AGU– serine GUA – valine CAU - histidine UAA – tyrosine CCG - proline UGA - tryptophan CUU - leucine UUC - phenylalanineGiven the amino acid sequence histidine-tryptophan-leucine-lysine-proline: What is the sequence of bases coding for this amino acid chain? A. CAUUGACUUAAGCCG

  30. Q. What is the sequence of the coding strand of DNA that would transcribe into this mRNA CAUUGACUUAAGCCG?(2pts) A. GTAACTGAATTCGGC

  31. Q. Describe the process of translation using the words mRNA, ribosome, codon, tRNA, and amino acid. • A. During translation, a ribosome attaches to the mRNA, and reads the triplet nucleotide base codons which code for a specific amino acid. tRNA brings the amino acids to the ribosome where they attach and form a chain

  32. Q. What does Gel electrophoresis do? Separates DNA fragments by molecular weight

  33. Q. What are two things that Scientists can extract DNA from? Hair, Blood, Saliva, Urine…

  34. Q. What do restriction enzymes do? Cut DNA into fragments at specific base sequences

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