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The Rise of Islam

The Rise of Islam. Location. Muhammad 570-630 Born in Mecca Father died before he was born Mother died around age 5-6 Lived with his grandfather until 578 when he died Went to live with his uncle As a teen traveled with Abu Talib (merchant)

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The Rise of Islam

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  1. The Rise of Islam

  2. Location

  3. Muhammad 570-630 • Born in Mecca • Father died before he was born • Mother died around age 5-6 • Lived with his grandfather until 578 when he died • Went to live with his uncle • As a teen traveled with Abu Talib (merchant) • In his early 20’s he met Khadija , a wealthy business woman • In 596 she proposed marriage and they married, he was 25 she was 40 • The growing gap between the wealthy and poor in Mecca disturbed him • He would often go to a mountain cave for days to meditate • On one of these trips the Angel Gabriel revealed Allah’s (God) final revelations = the teachings of the Quran

  4. Muhammad 570-630 • Very small following at first, after 3 years only 30 followers • 622 (1st year of the Islamic calendar) he moved to Medina • Distance between the city of Medina and Mecca is called the Hijrah • Greatly increased his following in Medina • Became a great religious and political leader • He returned to Mecca with 10,000 followers and conquered Mecca

  5. The Islamic Faith • Islam means “Peace through submission” • Those that follow are called Muslim • 5 Pillars • Pray 5 times a day • Facing Mecca Belief Charity Prayer Pilgrimage Fasting

  6. Islam After Muhammad • When he died in 630 his followers chose is father-in-law, Abu Bakr to take over as leader • Named the Caliph = Religious and political leader • Quran permits defensive military action = Jihad • By 650 they had conquered Syria, Egypt, and parts of north Africa as well as the Persian Empire. • Problems Arise • The death of Abu Bakr brought into question how to select the next caliph…there wasn’t agreement about this. • The next two were assassinated • In 656 Muhammad’s son-in-law was chosen, he was killed 5 years later

  7. Islam After Muhammad 661 Muawiyah, the governor of Syria became caliph - Resorted to violence only when needed - Establised the Umayyad dynasty: 1st in Islamic Rule - Several areas are conquered - Battle of Tours resulted in the conquering of Gaul (France)

  8. Divisions in the Islamic Faith • Shi’a Muslims: Accept that only the descendants of Ali (ultimately Muhammad) • - Sunni Muslims: Believe that the caliph doesn’t have to be a descendant of Muhammad only a follower of his teachings. • Sufi Muslims: Reject material things and take a vow of poverty and dedication to a spiritual path. • Unrest is present and persistent between the Shi’a and Sunni • - Hussein, a descendant of Muhammad lead a revolt against the Umayyad…all his followers died. • - Non-Arab Muslims dislike the favoritism shown to the Arabs by the Umayyad leaders • 750 A descendant of Muhammad overthrows the Umayyad and established the Abbasid Dynasty which lasted until 1258

  9. Abbasid Dynasty • Move capital to Baghdad • Shift of social class priority…used to be military first, now it was merchants, judges and government officials who were most respected. • More of a blend with Persian culture • More relaxed about intermarrying with cultures • More accepting of other’s ways of life • Best known leader was Harun al-Rashid • Time in office known as “golden age” • Charitable • Supported the arts • Education • Conquered much of Roman Empire • Baghdad became huge center for trade When he died, his two sons fought over the throne, destroying the empire

  10. The Seljuk Turks • Islamic Egypt lead by the Fatimids (Caliphs) became the most powerful group of Muslims • Hired a group of strong foreign military soldiers: Seljuk Turks • They were nomadic from central Asia • By 11th century had conquered the Eastern part of the Abbasid Dynasty • Turkish leader is called a sultan “holder of power” • Byzantine empire was weakening and took on the Turks leading eventually to the Crusades • Emperor Alexius I (Byzantine) asked the Christians for help to fight • Pope Urban II agreed and issued war against the Muslim Turks in 1096 • Muslims lost a great deal at first, the first Crusade was total devastation for them, that changed with new leadership • 1169 Saladin took over • 1187 invaded the Kingdom of Jerusalem and destroyed the Christian forces • Made a peace agreement eventually with King Richard the Lion-Hearted of England

  11. Culture and Trends in Islamic Civilizations • Growing cities in the Muslim populated areas • The birth of Cairo, Egypt as a major trade center was the result of the Islamic • Damascus, Syria • Baghdad, once it was rebuilt • Cordoba, Spain became the second largest city in Europe with over 200,000 • These large cities were a chance to display the art and technology of the Islamic people • Fountains • Courtyards • Public baths • Bazaars (covered market) • Actually had food freshness standards and inspections

  12. Culture and Trends in Islamic Civilizations • Scholars • Ibn-Rushd: philosopher who reflected on all of the works of Aristotle • Arabs during the 9th century developed the basis of algebra • IbnSina: wrote extensive medical encyclopedia discussing how diseases were spread • Ibn-Khaldun: historian who recorded a lot of Muslim history as well as world history • Introduced the idea that civilizations go through a rise and fall cycle

  13. The Ottoman Empire • The Turks fell under the leadership of Sultan Osman in the late 1200’s • Established the Ottoman Empire • Built a very strong and elite military made up of converted Christians: Janissaries • Mehmed II lead the Ottomans to the final defeat of the Byzantine Empire in 1453 • Attacking the key city of Constantinople, destroying the city walls with massive cannons • Took nearly two months of fighting, but finally on May 29th the city fell • In the ultimate disgrace to the Byzantines, the Ottomans moved their capital to Constantinople • Sultan Selim I established the total control of the key holy cities in the early 1500’s • Mecca • Medina • Jerusalem

  14. The Ottoman Empire • The most desired, but unattainable area was always Western Europe • Several attempts were made, but the success was never to be in the Ottomans favor • Last attempts was in 1683 against the area of modern day Austria • Imperial Organization • Sultan: supreme authority with the military and politics • Palace was called the “harem” • Typically had 4 wives as his favorites • When a son was chosen as a sultan, the mother of the son became the “Queen Mother” and key advisor to the sultan • Grand vizier was the person in charge of day-to-day business with government • Ulema were the religious advisors • Ottomans were Sunni Muslims

  15. The Safavid Dynasty 1501-1722 • Held control of land from North east area of Arabian Peninsula to India, mostly modern day Iran, Afghanistan, and Pakistan • Shia Muslims • Founded by ShaEsmail in 1501 • Called himself the shah “king” of the new dynasty • Came in conflict with the Ottoman sultan Selim I • Under Shah Abbas they regained some of the territory lost to the Ottomans • Had a lot of European support against the Ottomans • Signed a peace agreement with the Ottomans in 1629 • Those living in the Safavid Empire had to convert to the ideals of the Shia Muslim or face execution or exile

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