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Impact of World War I. AP World History Unit 6. New Forms of Violence. Total War. Industrial weapons of mass-killing. Extreme Nationalism. Civilians targeted. Genocide. Turks slaughter Armenians. Communist Revolutions. Terrorism. Social Consequences. 10 million soldiers were killed.
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Impact of World War I AP World History Unit 6
New Forms of Violence • Total War. • Industrial weapons of mass-killing. • Extreme Nationalism. • Civilians targeted. • Genocide. • Turks slaughter Armenians. • Communist Revolutions. • Terrorism.
Social Consequences • 10 million soldiers were killed. • Over 20 million are wounded. • Several million civilians died as a result of the hostilities, famine, and disease. • The world was left with hatred, intolerance, and extreme nationalism. • Women’s Liberation movements strengthened • Isolationism encouraged
The Spanish Influenza of 1918 • Began in the trenches of the Western Front and then spread when soldiers returned home. • The greatest public health disaster of modern history. • Pandemic killed between 22 and 30 million people worldwide. • Twice as many people then had died during the actual war. • In Spain, it killed roughly 40 percent of the population (8 million). • Giving it the name of the Spanish Influenza. • British colonial troops carried it to India where it killed 12 million. • No disease, plague, war, famine, or natural disaster in world history had killed so many people in such a short time.
Armenian Genocide • Turks attempt to exterminate all Armenian people. • 1.5 million Armenians were killed.
Economic Consequences • Total cost of the war was over $350 billion. • How was this paid for?!? • Heavy taxes = causes lower standard of living for the people of Europe. • International trade suffers. • Nations raise the tariffs on imports and exports. • In Russia, the Communists seize power and introduce a new economic system. • Economic collapses bring on the Great Depression of the late 1920’s and 1930’s.
Political Consequences • United States emerges as a world power because of the assumption of international responsibilities. • 3 major European dynasties are taken out of power. • Romanovs in Russia • Hohenzollerns in Germany • Hapsburgs in Austria-Hungary • New states are created in central Europe. • Some containing several different nationalities. • especially in Poland and Czechoslovakia. • The League of Nations is created to solve international problems and maintain world peace. • Will be a failure. • Many nations turn to military dictatorships to control their political problems. • Primarily in Russia, Italy, and Germany.
Difficult Peace Process • Wilson’s Fourteen Points. • Reduction of weapons. • People’s right to choose their own government. • Organization of world nations to protect against aggression. • Allied Goals. • The four major countries all had different ideas for a peace treaty. • France and Great Britain wanted to punish Germany. • However, Great Britain did not want to weaken Germany. • Italian leaders hoped to gain land. • Disappointed that they were mostly ignored by the other leaders.
Treaty of Versailles • Germany must accept responsibility and forced to pay large amounts of money. • Weakened Germany. • Military size limited. • Returned conquered land to France. • Formation of Poland. • Global colonies given up to the Allies. • Germany’s Reaction. • Outraged, but forced to sign the treaty. • Economy was destroyed. • Bitterness would affect politics for the next several years.
The Aftermath • League of Nations. • Organization of world governments proposed by Wilson. • Established by the Treaty of Versailles. • Main goal was to encourage cooperation and keep peace. • Germany was excluded. • United States did not join. • Ultimately weakened the League of Nations. • Changes in Europe. • Austria-Hungary and Ottoman Empire lands were broken up. • Independent nations were created. • Austria, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, and Turkey. • Other treaties signed with the defeated Central Powers.
Unrest in the Colonies • Many colonists who fought in the war heard the words of the Allies leaders about the importance of freedom and democracy. • After fighting for colonial rulers they expected rights for themselves. • Wartime sacrifices did not win new freedoms. • European powers split up lands controlled by Germans, Austro-Hungarians, Ottomans. • Redistributed them to other colonial powers.
Creation of the Mandates • Former Ottoman lands turned into “mandates”. • Territories ruled by European Powers, mainly France and Great Britain. • Syria and Lebanon became mandates of France. • Palestine and Iraq became mandates of Great Britain. • Created the Transjordan from the Palestine Mandate. • European nations were suppose to control mandates until they were able to govern themselves. • Mandates eventually became colonies.
The Goals of Zionism • Movement began in1860. • The spiritual and political renewal of the Jewish people in its ancestral homeland of Palestine. • Freedom from Western anti-Semitism. • 1st Zionist Conference in 1897. • Creates the First Zionist Congress. • Becomes an international Jewish organization.
Nationalist Movements • Arab nationalist movements had been supported by the British in 1916. • Arabs wanted to create an independent state the stretched from Syria to Yemen. • Zionist movement for a Jewish state was supported by the British government. • British did not fulfill nationalist’s hopes. • Arabs and Jewish believed that war time promises were broken.
Palestine Mandate • British created Jordan in1921. • Created from eastern part of Palestine Mandate. • Palestine’s population rapidly expanded. • Tens of thousands of Jews and Arabs immigrated. • Palestinian anger over Jewish immigration led to mid-1930s conflict. • Conflict in region continues today. • We will be covering this in more detail later in Unit 5.
Persia • Reza Khan led overthrow of shah in1921. • Khan became shah in1925 • Ruled as Reza Shah Pahlavi. • Wanted to make Persia into a modern and independent nation. • Sought to advance industry and improve education. • Changed Persia’s name to Iran in 1935.
Balfour Declaration of 1917 Foreign Office November 2nd, 1917 Dear Lord Rothschild, I have much pleasure to convey to you, on behalf of His Majesty’s Government, the following declaration of sympathy with Jewish Zionist aspirations which has been submitted to, and approved by, the Cabinet. “His Majesty’s Government view with favor the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people, and will use their best endeavors to facilitate the achievement of this object, it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine, or the rights and political status enjoyed by Jews in any other country.” I should be grateful if you would bring this declaration to the knowledge of the Zionist Federation. Yours sincerely, ARTHUR JAMES BALFOUR British Foreign Secretary
May Fourth Movement • In 1917, China declared war on Germany. • Hoped Allied Powers would return German-controlled Chinese territories • Treaty of Versailles gave Germany’s Chinese territories to Japan • May 4, 1919, a group of angry students began strikes and protests. • Communist Party is formed in 1921. • Partner with Guomindang’s (Kuomintang) nationalist movement against the warlords controlling China. We will be covering this topic in more detail when we discuss the Chinese Communist Revolution.
India during WWI • 800,000 Indians served with the British in WWI. • Fought on Western Front and in the Middle East. • Returned home to find sacrifices had not won them any new freedoms. • Britain planned to keep firm control over India. • Anger and unrest grew. • Rowlatt Act • Allowed Britain to act harshly against opposition in India • British soldiers opened fire on peaceful, unarmed Indian demonstrators in Amritsar in April of 1919. • Amritsar Massacre convinced Indians they must rid themselves of British rulers
Gandhi’s Protest • Believed in non-violence and civil disobedience. • The first non-violent action was boycotting British products in 1920. • Stopped wearing British made clothes. • Indians began making their own cloths. • Protested against the British monopoly on salt in 1930. • Indians began producing their own salt. • Inspired millions to resist British rule. • Limited degree of self-rule granted in 1935. We will be covering this topic in more detail when we discuss India’s Independence Movement.
Nationalism in Africa • Hundreds of thousands of Africans served in European armies during war. • Tens of thousands of Africans lost their lives during war. • Wartime experience increased nationalist feeling in Africa. • Africans believed they earned independence through wartime sacrifices. • War caused economic hardship. • Trade with Europe dried up and European spending in Africa slowed. • No Africans involved in negotiations of the Treaty of Versailles • Did not grant independence. • Transferred Germany’s colonies to other countries.
Movements towards Independence • Pan-African Congresses. • Several conferences beginning in 1919 to demand independence. • Northern African Arabs. • Wanted independence from the British in Egypt. • Several protests in Egypt. • Many Egyptians were killed by the British. • Egypt was granted independence in February 1922. • Nationalism movements growing. • Egyptian independence did not start a trend. • However, the desire for reform and independence was growing. • Most of Africa remained under European control until the 1920s and 1930s.
