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MITOSIS

MITOSIS. Mitosis. The form of cell division by which a eukaryotic somatic cell duplicates. Mitosis is asexual reproduction. Cell division is the continuation of life based on the reproduction of cells . Liver Cell. Liver Cell. 2n=46. two identical daughter cells. 2n=46. 2n=46.

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MITOSIS

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  1. MITOSIS

  2. Mitosis • The form of cell divisionby which a eukaryotic somatic cell duplicates. • Mitosis is asexual reproduction. • Cell division is the continuation of life based on the reproduction of cells.

  3. Liver Cell Liver Cell 2n=46 two identical daughter cells 2n=46 2n=46 Liver Cell Mitosis

  4. bacteria chromosome plasma membrane Binary Fission • Bacteria, cyanobacteria, and most single celled organisms reproduce by binary fission. Asexual Reproduction

  5. Somatic Reproduction • Most eukaryotic cells reproduce asexually by mitosis. • Somatic cells are all body cells(like nerve, liver, etc...) except sperm and ova (egg). • All Somatic cells have the same number of chromosomes.

  6. Mitotic division Cell Cycle • The dividing and non-dividing stages in the life of a cell. • Phases: 1. Interphase: growth and DNA replication 2. Prophase 3. Metaphase 4. Anaphase 5. Telophase

  7. S phase G1 G2 interphase Mitosis -prophase -metaphase -anaphase -telophase Cell Cycle

  8. Interphase • Comprises about 90% of the cell cycle. • Cellular growth: a. protein synthesis b. metabolic activities c. DNAsynthesis • Made up of three phases: 1. G1 phase 2. S phase 3. G2 phase

  9. Interphase 1. G1 (gap) phase: a. protein synthesis and metabolic activities. b.most cell are arrested in this phase. 2. S phase: a. DNA replication takes place. 3. G2 (gap) phase: a. Cellular growth and preparation for M phase.

  10. Interphase • Nucleus and nucleolus visible. chromatin Nuclear membrane cell membrane nucleolus

  11. Question: • What is a chromosome?

  12. chromosome Answer: • A chromosome is made up of a DNA - histone protein complex called chromatin. • Chromatin is a long, thin fiber that is folded and coiled to form chromosomes. DNA double helix Histone proteins

  13. Question: • What is a replicated chromosome?

  14. chromosome S phase: chromosomes replicate chromatid chromosome chromatid centromere Answer: • A replicated chromosome consist of two strands of identical chromosomal material called chromatids (sister chromatids).

  15. Question: • When is a chromatid a chromatid?

  16. centromere chromatid chromosome chromatid Answer: • A chromatid is a chromatid as long as it is held in association with a sisterchromatid at the centromere.

  17. Mitotic Phase • Mitosis (karyokinesis) a. nuclear division of genetic material. b. Prophase- prometaphase- metaphase-anaphase-telophase • Cytokinesis a. cytoplasmic division. b. Indicator of telophase.

  18. Prophase • Longest phase • Nucleolus disappears • Chromatin material condenses into chromosomes, consisting of twosister chromatids.

  19. Prophase • Centrioles move apart (not found in plants). • Spindle fibers form and attach from centrioles to centromeres by kinetochores. • Nuclear envelope fragments and disappears.

  20. early prophase late prophase centrioles spindle fibers aster fibers nuclear envelope disappearing centromere Prophase

  21. Question: • What attaches the spindle fibers to the centromeres?

  22. aster fibers centromere centriole kinetochores spindle fiber sister chromatid sister chromatid Answer: Kinetochores

  23. Metaphase • Shortestphase • Centrioles are at opposite ends of the cell and attached with aster fibers. • Chromosomes move to the metaphase plate (equatorial plate - center of cell).

  24. centrioles aster fibers spindle fibers metaphase plate Metaphase

  25. Anaphase • Centromeres uncouple and spindle fibers shorten. • Sister chromatids separate and move apart. • After separation, chromatids are now considered chromosomes.

  26. Anaphase • During this phase, the cell contains twice the normal number of chromosomes. • Cell begins to elongate. • At the end, there are equal numbers of chromosomes at the poles.

  27. aster fibers centrioles spindle fibers Anaphase No longer sister chromatids, now chromosomes

  28. cell plate Telophase • Cleavage furrow develops in animal cells (Cytokinesis begins). • Cell plate develops in plants (no cleavage furrows in plants). • Nucleolus reappears.

  29. Telophase • Nuclear membrane reappears. • Chromosomes uncoil. • In the end, two genetically identical nuclei (karyokinesis completed) are present.

  30. cleavage furrow (cytokinesis) nucleolus reappears nuclear membrane reforming Telophase

  31. cell plate Cytokinesis • Cytoplasmic division • Cell plate complete in plants • In the end, two separate daughter cells produced with single nucleus.

  32. Question: • A cell containing 20chromosomes at the beginning of mitosis would, at its completion, produce cells containing how many chromosomes each?

  33. Answer: • 20 chromosomes

  34. Question: • A cell containing 40chromatids at the beginning of mitosis would, at its completion, produce cells containing how many chromosomes each?

  35. Answer: • 20 chromosomes

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