Chapter 27: Traditions & Change in East Asia

1. Chapter 27: Traditions & Change in East Asia

2. The Quest for Political Stability • The Ming Dynasty • They restored the civil service exams. • Emperors became recluses in the Forbidden City (Imperial City) ignoring government. • The dynasty was conservative.

3. The Quest for Political Stability • The Qing Dynasty • The Manchus overwhelmed Beijing and occupied all of China. • They enforced the queue as a form of submission and a sign of superiority.

4. The Quest for Political Stability • The Qing Dynasty • Kangxi was a Confucian scholar and an enlightened ruler. • Qianlong’s reign marked the height of the Qing dynasty. • The dynasty was conservative. Qianlong during his first year of reign.

5. The Quest for Political Stability • The Son of Heaven and the Scholar-Bureaucrats • The Son of Heaven was the human being designated by heavenly powers to maintain order on earth. • Kowtow-three kneeling and nine head knockings. • Examination system allowed for upward social mobility.

6. Economical & Social Changes • Government positions brought prestige and prosperity to the entire clan making education a major investment. A Ming Dynasty (1368–1644) portrait of the Chinese official Jiang Shunfu (1453–1504), now in the Nanjing Museum. The decoration of two cranes on his chest are a "rank badge" that indicate he was a civil official of the first rank.

7. Economical & Social Changes • Population Growth & Economic Development • The introduction of new crops increased food supply and spurted population growth. • Edict of 1656 forbade sea trade. • Kangxi ordered the evacuation of southern coastal regions in an effort to curtail foreign trade.

8. Economical & Social Changes • Population Growth & Economic Development • Ports of Trade • The Portuguese operated in Macau. • The British operated in Guangzhou.

9. Economical & Social Changes • Population Growth & Economic Development • Agricultural and industrial technological growth occurred during the Ming & Qing dynasties. A Chinese paddle-wheel driven ship from a Qing Dynasty encyclopedia published in 1726.

10. Economical & Social Changes • Social Hierarchy • Upper-class • Consisted of scholar-bureaucrats and gentry, both acted as intermediaries between the imperial government and local society. • Both resided in towns. Examination hall with 7500 cells, Guangdong, 1873.

11. Economical & Social Changes • Social Hierarchy • Working Class • Peasants were regarded as the most honorable of the working class. • Merchants fell into the bottom of the working class hierarchy. Sorghum, raised for grain and commonly used as a fodder crop.

12. Economical & Social Changes • Social Hierarchy • Lower Class was the military which was regarded as a necessary evil. Qing troops in Western drill.

13. The Confucian Tradition and New Cultural Influences • Christianity • Matteo Ricci (1552-1610) • He was a Jesuit who created a mission in China. • He wrote “The True Meaning of the Lord of Heaven” in which he professed that the doctrines of Jesus and Confucius were similar.

14. The Confucian Tradition and New Cultural Influences • Christianity • The Chinese failed to adopt Christianity because of its exclusivity.

15. The Unification of Japan • The Tokugawa Shogunate • 16th Century was called the sengoku (the country at War). • Bankufu(tent governments). Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu

16. The Unification of Japan • The Tokugawa Shogunate • Alternate Attendance: daimyos had to maintain their families at Edo in the Tokugawa court and they had to live there every other year. • The Chinese and the Dutch were allowed to trade at Nagasaki.

17. The Unification of Japan • Economic and Social Change • Between 1600-1700 agricultural production doubled. • Infanticide became a common form of birth control. • Merchants eventually gained more power than the ruling elites. 日本語 Mabiki or “pull plants from an overcrowded garden.”

18. The Unification of Japan • Floating Worlds (ukiyo) • Pleasure centers where people could escape the rigid conduct of public life. • Kabukiimprov theatre where the text of the play serves as a guide. • Bunrakuis puppet theatre. The November 1895 production of Shibaraku at Tokyo Kabukiza theater.

19. The Unification of Japan • Christianity & Dutch Learning • Christianity served as a bridge for alliances between the daimyo and Europeans. • Christovao Ferreira • A Jesuit who gave up Christianity under torture. • Adopted Buddhism. • Interrogated Europeans for the Japanese.

20. The Unification of Japan • Christianity & Dutch Learning • Dutch Learning is where Japanese scholars learned Dutch to communicate with foreigners. View of Dejima island as a Dutch trading post in Nagasaki, 1897