
MAJOR GEOGRAPHIC QUALITIES OF EAST ASIA • WORLD’S MOST POPULOUS REALM • ONE OF THE WORLD’S EARLIEST CULTURE HEARTHS • INTENSIFYING REGIONAL DISPARITIES • POPULATION CONCENTRATIONS IN THE EAST, SITUATED IN RIVER BASINS
REGIONS OF THE REALM • CHINA PROPER • XIZANG (TIBET) • XINJIANG • MONGOLIA • JAKOTA TRIANGLE
REGIONS OF THE REALM • CHINA PROPER- EASTERN HALF; THE CORE • XIZANG (TIBET)- TALL MOUNTAINS AND HIGH PLATEAUS; SPARSELY POPULATED • XINJIANG- VAST DESERT BASIN AND MOUNTAIN RIMS; A CULTURAL CONTACT ZONE • MONGOLIA- A DESERT, BUFFER STATE • THE JAKOTA TRIANGLE • JAPAN, SOUTH KOREA, TAIWAN • RAPID ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
E A S T A S I A
XIZANG (TIBET) • A HARSH PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT • SPARSELY POPULATED • CAME UNDER CHINESE CONTROL DURING THE MANCHU DYNASTY IN 1720 • BUDDHISM, THE DALAI LAMA, AND MONASTERIES • FORMALLY ANNEXED IN 1965 AND ADMINISTERED AS AN AUTONOMOUS REGION
XINJIANG • COMPRISES ONE-SIXTH OF CHINA’S TOTAL LAND AREA • A REGION OF HIGH MOUNTAINS AND BASINS • CHINESE ONLY ACCOUNT FOR 40% OF THE POPULATION • MUSLIM UYGHURS ACCOUNT FOR HALF OF THE POPULATION • BOASTS EXTENSIVE RESERVES OF OIL AND NATURAL GAS • UNRESOLVED BOUNDARY DISPUTES
HONG KONG • MEANS “FRAGRANT HARBOR”- AN EXCELLENT DEEP WATER PORT • BOOMED DURING THE KOREAN WAR • 7 MILLION PEOPLE WITHIN 400 SQ MILES • ECONOMY IS LARGER THAN HALF OF THE WORLD’S COUNTRIES • 1 JULY 1997- BRITISH TRANSFERRED CONTROL TO CHINA • HONG KONG RENAMED XIANGGANG
MONGOLIA • STEPPE AND DESERT PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT • SPARSELY POPULATED WITH AN ESTIMATED 2.6 MILLION INHABITANTS • PART OF THE CHINESE EMPIRE FROM LATE 1600s UNTIL 1911 • BECAME A PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC IN THE 1920s • FUNCTIONS AS A BUFFER STATE, wedged btw the former USSR (Russia) and China. • ECONOMY IS FOCUSED ON HERDING AND ANIMAL PRODUCTS
PHYSIOGRAPHY OF CHINA • TOTAL AREA OF CHINA IS ABOUT 3.6 MILLION SQ MI • LONGITUDINAL EXTENT IS COMPARABLE TO THE U.S.; LATITUDINAL RANGE FROM NORTHERN QUEBEC TO CENTRAL CARIBBEAN • BORDERED (SURROUNDED) BY OCEAN, HIGH MOUNTAINS, STEPPE COUNTRY, AND DESERT • VAST AND VARIED TOPOGRAPHY
CLIMATE COMPARISON INCLUDES THE LARGEST AREA OF HIGHLAND CLIMATE IN THE WORLD
Cold Warm
Dry Wet
COLONIAL SPHERES
CHINESE PERSPECTIVES • ONE OF THE WORLD’S GREAT CULTURE HEARTHS • CONTINUOUS CIVILIZATION FOR OVER 4,000 YEARS • VIEW OF CHINA AS THE CENTER OF THE CIVILIZED WORLD • EASTERN VS WESTERN BIAS – Romans, Greeks vs. Chinese • USED TO BE INWARD LOOKING/CLOSED SOCIETY
KONGFUZI (CONFUCIUS) • CHINA’S MOST INFLUENTIAL PHILOSOPHER AND TEACHER, 551- 479 BC • CONFUCIANISM TOOK ON SPIRITUAL PROPORTIONS AFTER HIS DEATH • FOCUSED ON THE SUFFERING OF ORDINARY PEOPLE DURING THE ZHOU DYNASTY • TEACHINGS HAVE DOMINATED CHINESE LIFE AND THOUGHT FOR MORE THAN 20 CENTURIES
EXTRATERRITORIALITY • Page 469 • A DOCTRINE OF EUROPEAN INTERNATIONAL LAW (the basis of “Diplomatic Immunity”). • EMPLOYED IN CHINA DURING THE LATE 1800s • AFFORDED IMMUNITY FROM LOCAL JURISDICTION • CONSTITUTED AN EROSION OF CHINESE SOVEREIGNTY • DISTINCT ENCLAVES EVOLVED
CHINA’S POPULATION • 1.323 BILLION; 118 MALES /100 FEMALES • ANNUAL NATURAL INCREASE 0.6% (1970s - 3%) • DOUBLING TIME: 100 YEARS • LIFE EXPECTANCY: 70 Years (males), 73 Years (females) • ARITHMETIC DENSITY: 358 PEOPLE/SQ MI • PHYSIOLOGICAL DENSITY: 3,612 PEOPLE/SQ MI • ONLY 10% OF THE LAND IS ARABLE AND 69% OF THE POPULATION LIVES ON THIS LAND • DISTRIBUTION: WESTERN 2/3s IS SPARSELY POPULATED (see next slide)
CHINA’S LARGE CITIES • BEIJING (CAPITAL) • SHANGHI (LARGEST CITY) • TIANJIN (PORT CITY) • CHONGQUING (INTERIOR RIVER PORT) ECONOMIC PROBLEMS IN CHINA: • SERIOUS ENERGY SHORTAGE • TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE POORLY DEVELOPED • ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION
URBAN CHINA • 41% URBANIZED • LARGEST CITIES ARE INSIGNIFICANT ON A GLOBAL SCALE (see Page 459) • URBAN ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS • AIR POLLUTION • CONGESTION • WATER POLLUTION
REORGANIZATION UNDER COMMUNISM • 1950s-1976 COMMUNIST REGIME LAUNCHED MASSIVE PROGRAMS OF RECONSTRUCTION AND REFORM • BASED ON THE SOVIET MODEL • LAND WAS EXPROPRIATED, AND FARMING WAS COLLECTIVIZED • INDUSTRIES WERE REORGANIZED AS STATE-OWNED COMMUNAL ENTERPRISES • EMPHASIS ON “HEAVY INDUSTRY” • DRAMATIC SOCIAL CHANGES – EDUCATION, RELIGION, POPULATION GROWTH
ENERGY RESOURCES
SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES • LOCATION WAS PRIME CONSIDERATION – along the coast (pg 492) INVESTOR INCENTIVES LIKE: • LOW TAXES • EASING OF IMPORT AND EXPORT REGULATIONS • SIMPLIFIED LAND LEASES • HIRING OF CONTRACT LABOR PERMITTED • PRODUCTS MAY BE SOLD IN FOREIGN MARKETS AND IN CHINA (UNDER CERTAIN RESTRICTIONS)
CHINA’S ECONOMIC ZONES
THE JAKOTA TRIANGLE • CHARACTERISTICS • Great cities • Enormous consumption of raw materials • State-of-the-art industries • Voluminous exports • Global links • Trade surpluses • Rapid development
JAPAN • Transportation • Cities
JAPAN’S CORE AREA
MEIJI RESTORATION • 1868 Rebellion brought in reformers • Reinstated the emperor and began to transform Japan from a Feudal society with pre-machine age technology to an industrial power • Adopted aspects of the British model. See movie “The Last Samurai”. • Launched a systematic study of the industrialized world • Focus was on industrialization and education system
EXPANSIONIST JAPAN • Taiwan 1895 • Korea 1910 • Pacific Islands Post WW I • Manchuria 1931 • China 1937 • Hong Kong 1939 • Southeast Asia 1941 • 1945 –1952: Allied Occupation
POPULATION COMPARISONS MILLIONS
MALE FEMALE AGE MALE FEMALE 70+ 60-69 50-59 40-49 30-39 30 15 0 15 30 20-29 10-19 Percent of Population 0-9 20 10 0 10 20 Percent of Population POPULATION PROFILES JAPAN INDIA
DECLINING JAPANESE POPULATION • Population: 127.9 million • Birth rate: 9 births/1,000 • Death rate: 8 deaths/1,000 • Growth rate: 0.1% • Life expectancy: 78 yrs (M), 85 yrs (F) • Urbanization: 78%
KOREA • The size of Idaho but with a population of 73 million (both Koreas) • Turbulent political history • Was a dependency of China • Was a colony of Japan • Divided into 2 Koreas along the 38th parallel by Allied Powers > WW II (1945) • Cease-fire line established in1953
NORTH-SOUTH CONTRASTS • NORTH KOREA • 55% of the land, 1/3 of the population, extremely rural • Antiquated state enterprises • Inefficient, non-productive agriculture • Limited trade – mainly with former Soviet Union and China • SOUTH KOREA • 45% of the land, 2/3s of the population, highly urbanized • Modern factories • Intensive, increasingly mechanized agriculture • Extensive trade –US, Japan, and Western Europe
POPULATION 23,100,000 48,700,000 GNP (BILLIONS) $ 21.3 $ 508.3 GNP/CAPITA $ 920 $ 17,930 AGRICULTURE RESTRICTIVE GOOD (as % of GNP) 25 % 8 % (% work force) 36 % 21 % THE KOREAS
LAND USE PATTERNS Rugged Mountains Industrial Area Main Rice Producing Secondary Rice Producing Free Trade Zone
SEOUL • Capital of Korea (late 1300s - early 1900s) • 9.6 million people • Located in the northwest corner of South Korea • The urban-industrial center • Textiles, clothing, footwear, electronic goods
TAIWAN, ROC • Historical background: • A Chinese province for centuries • Colonized by Japan in 1895 • Returned to China > WWII • 1949 – Chinese Nationalists (supported by the US) fled from the mainland and established the Republic of China (ROC), NOT the same as the Peoples Rep. of China. • Territory - approximately 14,000 Square miles • Population – 22.8 million • 78% urbanized
SOUTH KOREAKOREA1952 • TAIWAN CHINA1949 • HONG KONG CHINA1841 • SINGAPORE MALAYSIA1965 FOUR ECONOMIC TIGERS Date of Split Former State “TIGER”