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A high-school project on the dynamics of the human population of the Earth.
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Human Population of the Earth Emory Hufbauer Daniel Scholl
The Current Population of the Earth: 6.97 Billion 6,967,147,204 People 448,000,000 Metric Tons of Human 0.7385 Kilometers Cubed
Population Increase For every one woman, there are approximately 2.6 children in the next generation. Because of this, each generation currently has about 2.6 times as many people as the previous generation. This pattern of multiplying previous values by a number causes upward growth at an accelerating rate. This is called exponential growth. The human population increases exponentially, causing the upward curve seen here.
Population Decrease Black Death Qing Dynasty Destroys Ming Dynasty (China) World War One and Plague World War Two and Holocaust Great Famine of 1315-1322 The following is a graph of the difference between a mathematical approximation to the world population at a certain time and the actual population. The resulting graph shows places where the actual population differed from the theoretical population due to events such as disease, famine, and war. Smallpox Epidemics in the New World
Limiting Factors There are a certain number of things that contribute to the worldwide population’s decline. These limiting factorsconsist of: Lack of Food Production (Famine) Epidemics and Pandemics Natural Disasters Wars and Genocides
Future Population Predictions The growth rate of our population, though it has thus far been positive, is heading for a drop. If the moderate prediction holds true, the exponential growth of the human population will end, and the “J” curve may be replaced by the “S” curve. At this point the world will attain zero population growthand the birth rate will be equal to the death rate. If the low prediction holds true, the human population will rapidly hit the carrying capacity and collapse back down to substantially lower levels. In this scenario, the death rate will be greater than the birth rate. Population projections through 2100.In 2004, the United Nations made three projections, each based on different fertility rates. The medium projection predicted 9.1 billion people by 2050.
Demographics Moderately Developed Highly Developed Less Developed Modern countries can be divided into three categories based on their prosperity, growth rate, and industrialization: High degree of per capita wealth. Low mortality rate. Replacement level or lower fertility rate. Lower degree of wealth and industrialization. Moderate mortality rate. Fertility rate above replacement level. Improving toward highly developed status. Very low or extremely centralized wealth and industrialization High mortality rate. Fertility rate far above replacement level. Germany is a highly developed country. Brazil is a moderately developed country. Ethiopia is a less developed country.
Demographic Stages Over the course of history, groups of people and nations are divided differently: into industrial stages. The four industrial stages are: Preindustrial Transitional Industrial Postindustrial
Preindustrial In the preindustrial stage, organized industry does not exist. Instead, the economy is fueled by agriculture, conquest, and small-scale artisanship. Because of the lack of education and women’s rights, the birth rate is very high. The death rate is also extreme in preindustrial societies due to a lack of medical careand sanitation as well as the frequency of domestic violence. Preindustrial societies, having less efficient farming and waste processing systems, are only able to support a small population per unit of land. There are no countries in the modern world in the preindustrial stage.
Transitional In transitional stage, organized industry is rapidly developing but not yet widely established. The economy is dependent on, if not solely fueled by, industry. Education is developing rapidly and so the birth rate, while still high, is somewhat lower than in the preindustrial stage. Although sanitation is still lacking, medical care is developing and domestic violence has decreased. Hence, the death rate is improved but still fairly significant. Transitional societies can support a moderate population per unit of land.
Industrial In the industrial stage, organized industry dominates the economy. Education is developed to some degree. The birth rate is still quite high, especially among the lower classes. Sanitation is improving, medical care is moderately developed, and domestic violence is minimal. Hence, the death rate is greatly decreased. Industrial societies, due to their highly efficient production practices can support a high population per unit of land. Most population growth occurs in the Industrial stage.
Postindustrial After the industrial stage, economies eventually stabilize, abandoning some of their production capacity and adopting a more knowledge-based system. At this point, education develops to a great extent and women’s rights become secure. As a result, the birth rate plummets to at or below the replacement level. In a postindustrial society, the standards of living are very high. Sanitation and nutrition, therefore, are both stable, and medical care is very good. The death rate in postindustrial societies is low. Although many people can be supported on a small area of land in a postindustrial society, the population does not grow quickly because of the extremely low birth rate.
Age Structure Age structure is the division of ages across populations. It varies between countries with different demographic profiles.
There are 3 main reasons for international immigration: People migrate in search of a job or an improved standard of living To escape war or persecution • To join other family members who have already migrated. • The increase of human population is a major cause of the current surge in migration. • UN Experts predict that migration will continue to increase over the course of the next few decades. Human Migration Emigrating Immigrating
U.S. Immigration Prior to 1875, the United States had no immigration laws and no such thing as unauthorized migrants. But after that year, everything changed. In 1875, Congress passed a law denying convicts and prostitutes entrance to the USA. Soon even the Chinese were thrown out because of the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, and after that, in 1891, the Bureau of Immigration was established. Currently, the top 5 countries from which legal U.S. immigrants migrate are Mexico (?), the Philippines, Vietnam, the Dominican Republic, and China. Education levels of recently arrived foreign-born Americans. Data were assembled in 2005, based on immigrants who entered the U.S. after 1999.
