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Applying Population Ecology: The Human Population

Applying Population Ecology: The Human Population. G. Tyler Miller’s Living in the Environment 14 th Edition Modified by Mr. Manskopf Chapter 10. Population Growth : Key Concepts. Factors affecting human population size. Human population problems. Managing population growth.

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Applying Population Ecology: The Human Population

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  1. Applying Population Ecology: The Human Population G. Tyler Miller’s Living in the Environment 14th Edition Modified by Mr. Manskopf Chapter 10

  2. Population Growth: Key Concepts • Factors affecting human population size • Human population problems • Managing population growth

  3. Section 1 Key Ideas What is demography? How is population size affected by birth rates, death rates? How fast is the world’s population growing? What is doubling time? Rule of 70 What are fertility rates? How have they changed? What factors affect birth rates and fertility rates? What factors affect death rates? Impacts immigration has on U.S. population.

  4. What is demography? Demography: is the study of the size, composition, distribution of human population and the causes and consequences of changes. • How many people live where? • How long are you expected to live? • How many children are you likely to have.

  5. Factors Affecting Human Population Size Population Change = (Births + Immigration) – (Deaths + Emigration) • Population change equation • Crude birth rate (BR): per 1,000 • Crude death rate (DR): per 1,000

  6. Population Problems

  7. Average crude birth and death rates for various countries in 2004.

  8. How fast is the world’s population growing? • Birth rates and death rates coming down (death more quickly) • 219,000 more daily (97% in developing countries) • 80 Million per year • Exponential growth 1.25% down from 2.2% in 1963

  9. The world’s 10 most populous countries • China and India 37% of world • 8 Billion people by 2050

  10. Describing Population Changes Doubling time: time in years it takes world todouble….RULE OF 70 70/ percent changing 70/1.25 = 56 years to double Africa growing at 2.8%...how long to double?

  11. Describing Population Changes Fertility:number of births that occur to an individual woman. Replacement-level Fertility: the number of children a couple must have to replace themselves. 2.1 developed countries, 2.5 in developing countries Total Fertility Rate (TFR): the average number of children a woman typically has during reproductive years. Global Avg. = 2.8 (1.5 in developed, 3.1 developing down from2.5 and 6.5 in 1950)

  12. Fertility rates for various countries.

  13. UN World Population Projections assuming TFR of 2.5 high, 2.0 medium and 1.5 low

  14. How Have Fertility and Birth Rates Changed In the U.S. 1900: 76 million 2006: 300 million • Post WW II Baby Boom, 1946 to 1964 added 79 million TFR reached 3.7 • 2004: 2.9 million added 59% due to more births/deaths the rest from immigration • Projected: 2050, 420 million and 2100, 571 million

  15. U.S. Birth Rates: 1910-2004 32 30 28 26 24 Births per thousand population 22 20 18 End of World War II 16 Demographic transition Depression Baby boom Baby bust Echo baby boom 14 0 2010 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 Year Fig. 10-8, p. 180

  16. U.S. Population Estimates

  17. Comparing U.S., Mexico and Canada

  18. Major changes that took place in the U.S. 1900 - 2000

  19. Factors Affecting Birth Rates and Total Fertility Rates • Children in Labor Force • Cost of raising and educating children • Availability of pension systems • Urbanization • Education and employment for women • Infant mortality rate • Average marrying age • Abortion • Availability of birth control

  20. Effectiveness of typical types of birth control.

  21. Factors Affecting Death Rates • Life expectancy: the average number of years a newborn is expected to live. • Infant mortality rate (IMR): number of babies per 1,000 that die before 1st birthday.

  22. Life expectancy 1955 to 2004: Increased 48 years to 67 years (76 in developed world, 65 in developing) U.S. 77 years and projected 82 by 2050 Poorest countries of Africa only 49 years

  23. Life expectancy • Increased food supplies • Better nutrition • Advances in medical field (vaccines, antibiotics) • Advances in sanitation • Safe water supplies

  24. Infant Mortality Infant mortality is viewed as the single measure of a society’s quality of life…health care and nutrition 1965 to 2004: drop 20/1000 to 7/1000 and 118/1000 to 61/1000 in developing world U.S. 1900: 165/1000 to 2004: 7/1000

  25. Infant Mortality 3 Factors Keep U.S.IM High: • Inadequate health care for poor and pregnant woman. • Drug Addiction among pregnant woman • High teen birth rate

  26. U.S. Immigration • What do you think environmental impacts of immigration to U.S. might be?

  27. Legal immigration to the U.S. from 1820 to 2001. 1989: large increase due to Act passed by Congress

  28. Section 2: Population Age Structure Key Ideas What are age structure diagrams? How can you use them? What are some effect of population decline from reduced fertility? What are some effects of population decline due to rises in death rates?

  29. How does age structure afect population? The number of people under age 15 is a major factor in determining future population. 33% developing world 17% developed world 1.9 billion set to enter reproductive age

  30. Population Age Structure Male Female Rapid Growth Guatemala Nigeria Saudi Arabia Slow Growth United States Australia Canada Zero Growth Spain Austria Greece Negative Growth Germany Bulgaria Sweden Ages 0-14 Ages 15-44 Ages 45-85+ Fig. 10-14 p. 184

  31. U.S. Population by age 1900, 2000, and 2050 projected

  32. Population structure by age and sex in developed and developing countries.

  33. Comparison of key demographic indicators in 2004 for 3 countries…one highly developed, one moderately developed and one less developed.

  34. Tracking the baby-boom generation in the U.S.

  35. What are some impacts of population decline from reduced fertility? • 40 Countries Populations Stabilized or Declining (growth rates below 0.3%) all in EU Expect Japan • UN Project by 2050 most developed countries (not U.S.) • Mean more of population shift to elderly

  36. What are some impacts of population decline from reduced fertility? Impacts Social and Economic of this decline: • Large elderly population • Increased medical costs • Less people in workforce • More stress on fewer taxpayers • Labor Shortages • All lead to political changes

  37. What are some impacts of population from rise in death rates? AIDS to cause premature deaths of 278 million from 2000 to 2050 (almost equal to U.S. population)…mostly in Africa • Remove productive workers • Increase in orphans

  38. Global Aging

  39. Section 3: Solutions Key Ideas What are the advantages and disadvantages of reducing births? How can economic development help reduce birth rates? How can family planning help reduce birth rates and abortion rates and save lives? How can empowering woman help reduce birth rates?

  40. What are advantages and disadvantages of reducing births: Controversy Can the world’s resources support an additional 2.5 billion by 2050? • Is the Earth overpopulated? • Carrying capacity • If yes, what should b done? What is a sustainable population?

  41. What are advantages and disadvantages of reducing births No Need to Reduce Population Life spans increasing People free to have as many kids as want Slowing population growth = economic decline. Increased technology will provide answers. Yes, we must reduce population Basic human needs of people not being met Larger population = larger human ecological footprint Resources being used up rapidly

  42. How can economic development reduce birth rates? History indicates that as countries become economically developed, their birth and death rates line. This happens in 4 stages: • Preindustrial • Transitional • Industrial • Postindustrial Look up these stages (pg 188) for HW

  43. The Demographic Transition Stage 1 Preindustrial Stage 2 Transindustrial Stage 3 Industrial Stage 4 Postindustrial High 80 70 60 Birth rate 50 Birth rate and death rate (number per 1,000 per year) Relative population size 40 30 Death rate 20 10 Total population Low 0 Low growth rate Increasing Growth growth rate Very high growth rate Decreasing growth rate Low growth rate Zero growth rate Negative growth rate Time Fig. 10-20 p. 189

  44. How can economic development reduce birth rates? Transition countries may get caught: • HIV/AIDS • Too much debt • Lack of skilled workers • Less economic assistance • Not enough or too much decrease in population

  45. How can family planning reduce birth rates? Family planning has been a major factor in reducing the number of birth and abortions around the world. • Provides educational and clinical services to help couples choose how many children they want

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