Chapter 18: The French revolution

1. Chapter 18: The French revolution Language Objectives: • Compose news broadcasts to retell story of French Revolution • Match vocab words with definitions by reading & listening • Form, state, & discuss opinion on Napoleon taking over Europe Learning Objectives: • Name two French writers with new ideas in 1700s • Explain how the Age of Reason & the American Revolution led to French Revolution • Know the Three Estates • Explain how storming of the Bastille led to bloody rebellion • List Napoleon’s accomplishments

2. Early 1700s, France was still in the Middle Ages • Kings rule by Divine Right • Often unfair & nothing people can do • King Louis XIV (14th) said “I am the State” meaning “I am France” • Nobles live in luxury • Palaces paid by taxes from lower & middle classes • Peasants often starving The Age of reason in France

4. By 1780s, new ideas • People listen to Rousseau & Voltaire • “Look at England – free” • “Look at America – successfully fought for freedom” • “We deserve rights too!!” • French helped America fight • Lafayette had his own command in American Revolution • People think (reason, think logically) - “We should be free from tyranny also” Age of reason in France

5. By 1788 • French government out of money due to fancy living & wars • Peasants & middle class are very unhappy • In 1789, King Louis XVI (16th) calls a meeting with Estates-General (like Parliament) • It hadn’t met for 175 years • Met at King’s palace – Versailles • King wants more money from new taxes The Estates-General

6. The estates-general 2% of people • 1st Estate • Pay no taxes, collect tithes ($$) • 2nd Estate • Pay no taxes, collect dues 98% of people • 3rd Estate • Pay taxes & dues • Each estate has only 1 vote • 1st & 2nd can outvote the 3rd • It’s unfair – 3rd Estate asks King for more votes, but he says “No”

7. They met at King’s palace – Versailles • 3rd Estate walked out in anger

8. Tennis court meeting • 3rd estate met in indoor tennis court • Called themselves National Assembly of France • Took an oath to stay in session until constitution could be written • Meanwhile, King was getting troops organized • People decided to strike first The Tennis Court Oath

9. Bastille was a prison King could throw anyone in there, and did It was a symbol of tyranny People tortured many years before Rumors continued Storming of the Bastille • People hated & feared the Bastille

10. People in Paris decided to attack the Bastille – a riot breaks out They took guns & cannons from arsenal July 14, 1789 – official start of French Revolution Storming of the Bastille • Murdered governor of prison • Carried his head on a stick

11. After the storming of the Bastille, others began protesting A group of Paris women wanting grain to feed their families, marched to the King’s palace & forced him & his family to come back to Paris Peasants began rebelling against nobles Many people didn’t feel safe; nobles fled France The french revolution

12. National Assembly wrote new constitution • Made laws to end feudal system • Nobles lost rights, privileges • King lost most of his power • Old tax system was ended • In 1789, they wrote the “Declaration of the Rights of Man” • Based upon the English Bill of Rights & US Declaration of Independence The french revolution

13. Rulers of Austria & Prussia sent troops to crush the Revolution – feared it would spread to their lands • Revolution leaders thought King Louis XVI had called for the troops • They felt he betrayed France • Forced him off his throne • Held elections for new group to make laws – called National Convention • France becomes a republic – 1792 • Motto was “Liberty, Equality, Fraternity” “Liberty, equality, and fraternity”

14. Leaders of the Revolution become afraid of enemies • Start accusing people of betraying the Revolution & begin executing them with the guillotine • Behead King Louis XVI & Marie Antoinette • Behead hundreds of suspected enemies • People lived in terror • Lot of bloodshed The reign of terror

15. King Louis XVI Marie Antoinette

16. Robespierre was one of the most violent leaders • People finally turned on him & he was beheaded on guillotine • Country was in great turmoil & chaos • Lots of fighting & deaths • No order or government • France needed a leader The reign of terror Painting of the guillotining of Robespierre

17. National Convention was getting weaker • 30,000 national guardsmen attacked • Wanted to bring back monarchy • National Assembly asked Napoleon to fight the uprising; he ended it quickly • Napoleon • Was an officer in the National Assembly’s army, which fought Austria & Prussia • A new organization called “The Directory” replaced the National Convention, became corrupt Napoleon bonaparte

18. Napoleon Bonaparte Went from being a great military and political leader, to emperor of France, to an exile on an island.

19. Napoleon became stronger by winning many battles & did away with The Directory • In 1799, he made himself dictator of France • Created a new constitution called the Napoleonic Code • Single set of laws for all of France & territories • Basis of French law still today • He was a good politician • Stopped the fighting within France • Invited nobles to return Napoleon bonaparte

20. Napoleonic code

21. In 1804, Napoleon had himself crowned emperor • His ambition & desire for more power spread war across Europe • Good things he did for France • Fair tax system • Rich no longer treated special • Reorganized schools, made them stronger • Had loyalty of people • Conquered most of Europe – except Great Britain France under napole0n

22. Napoleon crowned emperor of France

23. Declared war on Russia – 1812 • After a major victory, Russians led his troops deep into Russia • They destroyed anything of value so Napoleon’s troops couldn’t use anything • When they got to Moscow, it was burned, destroyed & most people had left • They occupied a city of ruins – then winter hit & they were starving Napoleon’s mistake

24. Napoleon’s mistake – invading russia • Russians attacked them repeatedly as they retreated for France • More than 500,000 died from starvation, freezing or battle

25. Other countries banded together to beat Napoleon • Prussia, Sweden, Austria, Great Britain, Russia • The French Senate turned against Napoleon, & crowned Louis XVIII King of France • Napoleon was exiled to live in Elba, Italy • He escaped & returned to rule for only 100 days The end for napoleon

26. King louis XVIII

27. The allied countries against Napoleon raised troops to fight against him In 1815, Napoleon marched into Belgium with about 75,000 troops Allied countries had 67,000 When Prussian troops arrived, they outnumbered Napoleon’s - French had to retreat British sent him to Saint Helena – a tiny island off the west coast of Africa. He died in 1821 The battle of waterloo

28. Battle of waterloo 250,000 Frenchmen face 850,000 forces on 4 fronts

29. Kings ruled again, but three revolutions over 55 years • Second Republic • Second Empire • Third Republic • France built a colonial empire around the world for trade • It lasted until World War II, when Germany took over France • After WWII, there was a Fourth, then Fifth Republic • People continued to seek “Liberty, Equality, Fraternity” • Including women & minority groups France after napoleon