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The Civil rights movement

The Civil rights movement. The Segregation System. Plessy vs. Ferguson —established “separate but equal accommodations for the white and colored races”. Does this look equal?. School for white children in 1930. School for black children in 1930.

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The Civil rights movement

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  1. The Civil rights movement

  2. The Segregation System • Plessy vs. Ferguson—established “separate but equal accommodations for the white and colored races”

  3. Does this look equal? School for white children in 1930. School for black children in 1930. Both schools are located in Halifax County, VA.

  4. US School Segregation in 1952 Segregation required Segregation permitted Segregation prohibited No specific legislation, or local option

  5. What led to the Civil Rights Movement? • WWII • Shortage of white male laborer opened up new jobs for Latinos, women and blacks. • Nearly 1 million served in the armed forces. • During the war, organizations campaigned for voting rights and challenged Jim Crow laws.

  6. NAACP leads the fight • Charles Hamilton Houston (1934-38) • Argued the inequality of the schools. • At that time, the nation spent 10x more $ on a white child than a black child.

  7. Challenging segregation in court • NAACP placed law students under Marshall in 1938. • Won 29/32 cases for the next 23 years.

  8. Milestone court cases • Morgan v. Virginia • Illegal to have segregation on interstate buses. • Sweatt v Painter • State law schools must admit black applicants

  9. Brown v Board of Education • May 17, 1954 • Linda Brown’s father sued for his daughter to attend the white elementary school 4 blocks from his house rather than the black one 21 blocks away. • AND THE VERDICT IS…. • Segregation in schooling is over!

  10. Reaction to School Desegregation • 1955—500 schools had desegregated • Brown II—forced desegregation of schools with all speed

  11. Crisis in Little Rock • Gov. Orval Faubus publicly showed support for segregation in Sept. 1957. • He ordered the National Guard to turn away the “Little Rock Nine” from the high school.

  12. The Little Rock Nine • Elizabeth Eckford attempts to make it to school. • She faced an abusive crowd and finally escaped with the help of some friendly whites who got her to a bus stop. http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=4FF4D77A-0ED5-4BEB-9E34-62879D305ED4&blnFromSearch=1&productcode=US

  13. Eisenhower Acts • Ordered 1,000 paratroopers into Little Rock to protect the 9 students. • Faubus eventually shuts down the Central Rock High School.

  14. The Montgomery Bus Boycott • http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=8F916E02-3FE8-40B3-94A5-2A9D9BD11C90&blnFromSearch=1&productcode=US • December 1, 1955—Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a bus to a white man. • Sparked a boycott that lasted 381 days leading to desegregated buses.

  15. MLK Jr. and the SCLC • “soul force” • Used nonviolent civil disobedience to fight for civil rights • 1957—formed the Southern Christian Leadership Conference • Planned to stage protests and demonstrations throughout the south

  16. SNCC is formed • Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) • Formed in 1960 • Hoped to harness the energy of college student protesters

  17. The Movement Spreads • 1960—Greensboro, NC • Students staged a sit-in at a local lunch counter for whites only.

  18. Brown vs Board Supreme court decisions SNCC Morgan vs. VA organizations SCLC Sweatt vs. Painter NAACP Challenging Segregation Sit-ins MLK Jr. Bus boycott tactics Rosa Parks Sue in court Thurgood Marshall leaders

  19. Riding for Freedom • Hoped to provoke a violent reaction that would convince the Kennedy administration to enforce the segregation law on interstate buses.

  20. Federal Marshals arrive • Kennedy arranged to give the freedom riders direct support. • Sent 400 U.S. Marshals to protect the riders. • ICC banned segregation on all interstate buses.

  21. Integrating Ole Miss • September 1962—University of Mississippi • Kennedy ordered marshals to escort James Meredith to classes after first being refused registration.

  22. Headin’ to Birmingham • April 3, 1963—King flew into Birmingham to hold a planning meeting with members of black community. • Arrested on April 12—Good Friday • “Letter from Birmingham Jail”

  23. May 2—Police commissioner arrested 959 of protesters May 3—swept the marchers off their feet with hoses, set attack dogs on them, and clubbed those who fell. Led to a desegregated Birmingham and inspired JFK to draft a civil rights act. The Children’s Crusade

  24. Marching to Washington • August 28, 1963—250,000 people—including 75,000 whites—converged on the nation’s capital • “I Have A Dream” • Demanded the immediate passage of the Civil Rights bill proposed by JFK

  25. Bittersweet Victory • JFK was assassinated before the bill was passed. • LBJ promised to pass it. • July 2, 1964—Civil Rights Act of 1964 which prohibited discrimination b/c of race, religion, national origin, and gender was passed. • Ended segregation.

  26. Freedom Summer • CORE/SNCC workers began registering A-A to vote. • June 1964—3 workers went missing, including 2 whites • Murdered by Klan and local police

  27. A new political party • Mississippi Freedom Democratic party (MFDP)—Fannie Lou Hamer • Speech at Democratic National Convention • LBJ feared losing support of Southern whites so his administration pressured civil rights leaders to convince the MFDP to accept a compromise. • Discrimination would be banned in 1968.

  28. The Selma Campaign • 50-mile protest in 1965 • Due to death of Jimmy Lee Jackson • March 7, 1965—600 protestors set out for Montgomery, AL • Severely beaten • March 21, 1965—3,000 marchers set out again for Montgomery with federal protection

  29. Voting rights act of 1965 • Eliminated literacy tests • Stated that federal examiners could enroll voters who had been denied suffrage by local officials • # of registered African-American voters tripled in the South

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