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Vitamins and Minerals. PowerPoint originally prepared by Shanta Adeeb. The Nature of Vitamins. Vitamins are organic compounds needed for normal function, growth and maintenance Cofactors, not energy. The Nature of Vitamins. Organic cofactors Physiological role
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Vitamins and Minerals PowerPoint originally prepared by Shanta Adeeb
The Nature of Vitamins • Vitamins are organic compounds needed for normal function, growth and maintenance • Cofactors, not energy
The Nature of Vitamins • Organic cofactors • Physiological role • Prevents disease (?optimal health?) • Natural = Synthetic (except Vitamin E)
For “nutrition” in general • Nutritional Value lost by: • Light • Heat • Oxidation • Bacteria • Enzymes • Insects
The Nature of Vitamins • FOOD PROCESSING PRESERVES NUTRIENTS • Example: Milk
Vitamin Requirements • Daily Values (DV): standard nutrient intake values developed by FDA • Includes DRIs and DRVs • Disease prevention • Best met through a consumption of a wide variety of foods
Vitamin Requirements • Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI): recommendation for individuals • Age • Gender • Pregnancy • Lactation
Vitamin Requirements • Daily Reference Values (DRV): standards established for protein and other dietary components lacking a RDA or nutrient standard • Constitute part of the Daily Values used on food labeling
Dietary Supplements • They are classified as “Nutritional Supplements” They are not foods, and not drugs* • Supplements are “Product intended to supplement the diet and contains vitamins, minerals, botanicals, amino acids, and their extracts” • NOT consumed as a food replacement • Loosely regulated, “not evaluated by FDA” *By definition a “drug” is used to “prevent, treat or cure” disease.
Fat Soluble Vitamins • A – orange, carotenoids, vision, antioxidant- used as color and antioxidant • D – we make it with sunlight, rickets, milk, Ca:P ratios • E – tocopherols, antioxidants, role in preventing stroke, cancer, heart disease- used as antioxidant • K – contributes to blood clotting factor
Vitamin A • Used in food industry as a colorant (orange) • Antioxidant • Stored in liver • Important for sight • Deficiency causes ~500,000 cases of “night blindness” worldwide • Genetically engineered rice with high Vitamin A can prevent night blindness • Carrotenosis
Vitamin D • Also known as calciferol due to its role in calcium absorption • Main role is to maintain calcium and potassium levels • Only fat soluble vitamin we can make in the presence of sunlight • Can be made from cholesterol
Vitamin D • Can be stored in fat tissues • Elderly and shut ins are at risk • We get it form fortified milk and cereal • Toxicity is very dangerous • Occurs only from excess supplementation • Can lead to calcium deposits in kidneys, heart and blood vessels
Vitamin E • A family of eight naturally occurring compounds • Used as an anti-oxidant in foods • Since aging is considered an “oxidation” reaction, many “anti-oxidants” are used as dietary supplements • Deficiencies are not well understood • Role is stroke, cancer, heart, and immune response • Americans spend $300 million per year on vitamin E supplements
Vitamin K • Contributes to synthesis of seven blood clotting factors • Can be reactivated to continue biological action • Works as a cofactor for an enzyme that makes two bone proteins
Water Soluble Vitamins • Relatively cheap to add to food • Only Vitamin C is used for its functionality
Water Soluble Vitamins • B1, thiamine • B2, riboflavin • B6, pyridoxamine • B12 • Biotin • Panothenic acid • Niacin • Folacin • Vitamin C
Water Soluble Vitamins • Vitamin B1 • Thiamine • Involved in carbohydrate metabolism • Helps body metabolize glucose, affects central nervous system • Deficiency causes Beri beri (Singlese, “I can’t, I can’t”) • B2- riboflavin • Energy metabolism
Water Soluble Vitamins • B6 - Pyridoxamine • Neurotransmitter, co-enzyme in over 100 reactions • B12 – • Development of red blood cells • Hard for vegans to get
Water Soluble Vitamins • Biotin – • Involved in fatty acid synthesis • Deficiency causes skin disease and hair loss • Panthothenic acid • Found in many foods • Essential for metabolism of carbohydrates, protein, alcohol and fat
Water Soluble Vitamins • Choline • A major component of cell membranes • Folacin = Folate = Folic acid • Deficiency causes neural tube defects • Took Rutgers Professor 20 years for FDA approval. Why?
Vitamin C • Ascorbic acid • Very inexpensive to add to food, marketing tool. Antioxidant • Deficiency leads to bleeding gums, hemorrhages • High in citrus fruits, limes, (Limeys)
Niacin (B3) • Energy metabolism • Disease – pellagra – The Four D’s • Dermatitis • Diarrhea • Dementia • Death
Minerals • Issues • Absorption • Bioavailability
Minerals • Percent of Body weight • Calcium 2% • Phosphorus 1% • Potassium 0.3% • Sulfur 0.2% • Sodium 0.1% • Chloride 0.1% • Magnesium 0.05% • Iron 0.04%
Minerals • Calcium • 99% is structural • ~25% absorption • Vitamin D aids absorption • 75% is obtained form dairy products • Many products are fortified with it • Built in youth lost in maturity
Calcium • Osteoporosis – a pediatric disease with geriatric consequences • 1.5 million fractures each year • 14 billion in direct health cost • 25 million women at risk • DRI women 600 – 800 mg/day National Osteoporosis Foundation www.nof.org
Minerals • Phosphorus • Easily absorbed by the body • Enhanced by Vitamin D • Deficiency are rare • Potassium • A primary electrolyte in blood • Associated with lower blood pressure • Athletes
Minerals • Sodium and Chloride • Added during processing • Enhances flavor • We consume 2X of what we need • Excess Sodium can lead to hypertension • High blood pressure
Minerals • Sulfur • Necessary for collagen formation • Magnesium • Abundant in plants
Minerals • Iron • Most common and easily preventable deficiency • Needed for oxygen absorption, immune function, developmental performance • Poor absorption from plant sources • Low iron causes anemia, especially in menstruating women • Toxicity • 6 – 12 vitamins with 100% will kill a small child (The dose makes the poison.)
Fortification vs Enrichment • Fortification - restores lost nutrients due to processing • Enrichment – adds nutritional value to meet a specific standard
Enriched Uranium “Enriched Uranium