Chapter 8-The Asian World

1. Chapter 8-The Asian World Section 5-Civilization in Southeast Asia

2. Civilization in Southeast Asia Main Ideas • Geography and cultural influences affected the development of Southeast Asia.  • Southeast Asian countries had primarily farming or trading economies that influenced their social structures.  Key Terms • archipelago  • agricultural society  • trading society Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information.

3. Civilization in Southeast Asia People to Identify • Jayavarman • Thai  Places to Locate • Malay Peninsula  • Thailand  • Strait of Malacca  • Melaka • Vietnam  • Angkor  • Pagan  Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information.

4. Civilization in Southeast Asia Preview Questions • What influence did geography have on the development of Southeast Asia?  • How does Southeast Asia reflect Chinese, Indian, and Muslim influences? Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information.

5. Civilization in Southeast Asia Preview of Events

6. Click the Speaker button to listen to the audio again.

7. The site of Trinil on Java is famous for the 1891 discovery by the Dutch army surgeon Eugène Dubois of the first fossilized remains of Homo erectus, or “Java man.” The fossils mean that the island was the site of human activity as early as 800,000 years ago.

8. The Land and People of Southeast Asia • Southeast Asia lies between China and India.  • It has two major parts: a mainland region extending southward from China to the tip of the Malay Peninsula,and an extensive archipelago (chain of islands) that makes up modern Indonesia and the Philippines.  • Ancient mariners called the area the “golden region” or “golden islands.”  • It contains a vast mixture of races, cultures, and religions. (pages 273–274) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information.

9. The Land and People of Southeast Asia (cont.) • The mainland has many mountain ranges, between which are fertile valleys.  • The densely forested mountains often contain malaria-carrying mosquitoes.  • Therefore, the people in the valleys were often cut off from one another. (pages 273–274) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information.

10. The Land and People of Southeast Asia (cont.) • Southeast Asia is one of the few parts of Asia that never unified under a single government.  • Rather, separate and distinctive cultures developed, with different languages, religions, and other cultural practices. (pages 273–274) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information.

11. The Formation of States • Between 500 and 1500, states that adapted Chinese and Indian models to their own needs developed throughout Southeast Asia.  • The Vietnamese were one of the first people in Southeast Asia to develop their own culture and state.  • China conquered Vietnam in 111 B.C. • They failed for centuries to make Vietnam part of China, however. (pages 274–276) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information.

12. The Formation of States (cont.) • Vietnamese rulers adapted the Chinese model of governing after overthrowing the Chinese in the tenth century.  • The new Vietnamese state–Dai Viet (Great Viet)– adopted Confucianism, Chinese court rituals, and the civil service examination.  • The state was a dynamic force that expanded southward to the Gulf of Thailand by 1600. (pages 274–276) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information.

13. The Formation of States (cont.) • The kingdom of Angkor arose in the ninth century in present-day Cambodia, after the powerful leader Jayavarman united the Khmer people.  • He was crowned god-king in 802.  • Angkor (Khmer Empire) was the most powerful mainland state in Southeast Asia.  • Angkor faced enemies on all sides. (pages 274–276) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information.

14. The Formation of States (cont.) • Angkor declined with the arrival of the Thai people in the fourteenth century.  • Earlier in the eleventh or twelfth centuries, the Thai began moving southward, encouraged by the Mongol invasion of China.  • The migrating Thai destroyed the Angkor capital in 1432.  • The Thai converted to Buddhism and borrowed Indian political practices, but evolved their own distinct blend that became the culture of present-day Thailand. (pages 274–276) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information.

15. The Formation of States (cont.) • The Burmans migrated from Tibet beginning in the seventh century A.D., probably to escape advancing Chinese armies.  • They were pastoral, but they took up farming after their arrival in Southeast Asia.  • They converted to Buddhism and established the kingdom ofPagan, which was active in the sea trade throughout the region.  • Pagan declined in the late thirteenth century due to attacks from the Mongols. (pages 274–276) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information.

16. The Formation of States (cont.) • The Malay Peninsula and Indonesian Archipelago were tied to the trade that passed from East Asia through the Indian Ocean.  • The area did not unite under a single ruler, and peoples lived in several different communities.  • Two states did finally emerge.  • Srivijaya dominated the trade through the Straitof Malaccabeginning in the eighth century.  • Sailendra emerged in eastern Java. (pages 274–276) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information.

17. The Formation of States (cont.) • Later the kingdom of Majapahit became the region’s greatest empire.  • Then around 1400, the Islamic state of Melaka began to form.  • The small town of Melaka on the western coast of the Malay Peninsula soon became the area’s major trading post.  • Eventually almost the entire population of the region was converted to Islam and was part of the Sultanate of Melaka. (pages 274–276) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information.

18. Economic Forces and Social Structures • Southeast Asian states can be divided into two groups–agricultural societiesand tradingsocieties–depending on the basis of their economies.  • Agricultural societies did some trading, of course. (page 277) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information.

19. Economic Forces and Social Structures (cont.) • Trade reached its height after the Muslim conquest of northern India.  • Demand for spices rose and added to the growing amount of trade, as European and Southeast Asian wealth grew around the same time.  • Merchants from India and the Arabian Peninsula sailed to the Indonesian islands to bring back cloves, pepper, nutmeg, cinnamon, and precious woods like teak and sandalwood that the wealthy in China and Europe wanted. (page 277) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information.

20. Economic Forces and Social Structures (cont.) • Hereditary aristocrats topped the social ladder in most Southeast Asian societies, holding political and economic power.  • They lived in the cities.  • Angkor Thom was one, with royal palaces and parks, a large parade ground, reservoirs, and temples. (page 277) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information.

21. Economic Forces and Social Structures (cont.) • Farmers, fishers, artisans, and merchants made up the rest of the population.  • Most people were rice farmers who lived at a subsistence level and paid heavy rent or taxes to local landlords or rulers. (page 277) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information.

22. Economic Forces and Social Structures (cont.) • Women in most Southeast Asian societies had more rights than they did in China or India.  • Women worked side by side with men in the fields and often participated in trade. (page 277) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information.

23. Culture and Religion • Chinese culture affected Vietnam.  • Indian influence prevailed in most of the rest of Southeast Asia.  • Architecture is the best example of the latter influence, for example the temple of Angkor Watin present-day Cambodia.  • It rises like a 200-foot mountain in a series of three terraces, and huge walls surround it.  • Constructing it took forty years and as much stone as Egypt’s Great Pyramid. (pages 277–278) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information.

24. Culture and Religion (cont.) • Hinduism and Buddhism moved into Southeast Asia beginning in the first millennium A.D. • However, old faiths blended with the new.  • The king played an important role in this process.  • The ruler was seen as a living link between the people and the gods. (pages 277–278) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information.

25. Culture and Religion (cont.) • Buddhism began to have a real impact with the introduction of Theravada in the eleventh century, initially in Burma.  • Eventually, Buddhism became the religion of the masses of people in Southeast Asia.  • Part of the reason is that it teaches that people can seek nirvana through their own efforts, they do not need priests or rulers.  • In addition, it tolerated local gods, and so it did not threaten established faiths. (pages 277–278) Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information.

26. ScienceThe Gobi is known as a vast zone of desert, occupying about 30 percent of Mongolia. However, the Gobi also features semi-arid grasslands. The western part of the Gobi has high mountains, forests, and steppes. The Gobi is home to wild horses, whose ancestors were used by Genghis Khan. It is also home to snow leopards, mountain sheep, ibex, lynx, gazelles, the Gobi bear, and the khavtagi, a wild camel that is the ancestor of the Bactrian camel. Summer temperatures often reach 104°F, and winter temperatures can drop as low as -40°F.

27. LiteratureOne of the most famous poems of the English Romantic period is “Kublai Khan,” by Samuel Taylor Coleridge. Published in 1816, it portrays Kublai Kahn’s court as a place of fantastic beauty. His magnificent capital is thought to be the city Coleridge calls Xanadu.

28. GovernmentSpeculate about how limited trade, mountainous land, and an agrarian economy would have contributed to the lack of a central government in Japan.

29. MusicAnother area of creativity that developed in India during this era was music. Indian classical music is based on a musical scale called a raga. Performers select a basic raga and then are free to improvise the melody and rhythm, as is the case with Western jazz music. Many artists, including the late George Harrison of the Beatles, have been influenced by Indian music. Identify examples of music that transcend the cultures in which they were created and convey universal themes.

30. Chinese Classical WritingChinese writing dates back to about 1400 B.C. and is an intricate system of characters that used to be written with a paintbrush. A Chinese typewriter contains a tray of over 2,000 characters, with several thousand more available on other trays.

31. Mongolian CapitalThe Mongolian capital of Karakorum was founded in 1220 in the Orkhon Valley, at the crossroads of the Silk Road. The city was visited by a papal mission led by Giovanni Carpini in 1267. Karakorum still has ruins of the first Buddhist monastery built in Mongolia, which was built in 1586, more than three hundred years after Kublai Khan had moved his capital to Bejing in 1267. The monastery was surrounded by majestic walls, approximately 400 m long, and the ruins are still visible. The ruins of Karakorum were found in 1889 by a Russian explorer, N. M. Yadrinstev.

32. BorobudurAnother magnificent religious complex in Southeast Asia, Borobudur, is located on the island of Java. Built about 800 A.D., it is not only a temple but also a representation of Buddhist doctrine. As visitors climb its five terraces, they pass from sculptural depictions of the ordinary world to those suggesting the profound truths of Buddhist enlightenment.

33. BatikThe cloth known as batik originated in Southeast Asia but is known in many other parts of the world. Report on the history of batik and how it is made. Bring a piece of batik cloth to class.

34. The kamikaze, or “divine wind,” that saved Japan from Mongol defeat in 1281 never lost its importance for the Japanese. During World War II, Japanese suicide pilots who dived their planes into Allied aircraft carriers were known as kamikaze pilots.