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CHAPTER 8 THE ASIAN WORLD. SECTION 1. The Sui Dynasty For 300 yrs. Following the end of the Han dynasty, chaos and civil war reigned. 581-618 Able to reunify China.
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The Sui Dynasty • For 300 yrs. Following the end of the Han dynasty, chaos and civil war reigned. • 581-618 • Able to reunify China. • Sui Yangdi completed Grand Canal linking the Yellow (Huang He) & Yangtze (Chang Jiang) Rivers. Used forced labor to build canal. Easier to ship rice. • Cruel ruler. Made people pay high taxes. Lived extravagantly. Military failures. Murdered.
The Tang Dynasty • 618-907 • Reformers. Restored civil service examinations & gave land to peasants. • Brought peace to NW China & extended control into Tibet. • Set up trade & diplomatic relations with SE Asia. • Struggles for control & government corruption. • Uighurs, Turk-speaking warriors hired to fight but overthrew the Tang ruler in 907.
The Song Dynasty • 960-1279 • China was prosperous, and there were many cultural achievements. • Uighurs, forced the Song rulers to move the capital from Changan to Hangzhou. Lost control of Tibet. • Formed an alliance with the Mongols. • Mongols overthrew the Song dynasty.
Government and the Economy • Government was a monarchy with a large bureaucracy. Divided into provinces, districts, and villages. Based on Confucian principles. • Economy still based on farming. Put more land into peasants hands. Improved farming techniques led to an abundance of food. • Steel used to make swords & sickles. Cotton used to make clothes. Gunpowder used to make explosives & a flamethrower (firelance).
Trade revived. Silk Road renewed & trade between China & SW Asia thrived. • Chinese exported: tea, silk, & porcelain. • Chinese imported: exotic woods, precious stones, & various tropical goods.
Chinese Society • Rich had very enjoyable lifestyle: played cards & chess. • Block printing invented allowing people to communicate in new ways. • Scholar-gentry class emerged. Provided most of the civil servants. Became the political elite in society. • Females were considered less desirable than male children. During famines, female infants were often killed. Parents had to give a dowry when their daughter was married. Some sold daughters to wealthy villagers.
The Mongol Empire • Nomads, who were organized in clans from modern-day Mongolia. • Temujin unified them in 1206. Named Genghis Khan “universal ruler”. Devoted to conquering other lands. Created largest empire in history. Died in 1227. • Sons divided empire into khanates. • Defeated Persia, Abbasids, & the Song dynasty. • Learned about gunpowder & fire-lance. Developed into handgun & cannon.
The Mongol Dynasty in China • In 1279, Kublai Khan, Genghis Khan’s grandson, conquered China. Created Yuan dynasty. Capital was named Khanbaliq (Beijing). • Continued to expand empire. Tactics not effective in tropical & hilly regions. • Mongols adopted Chinese political systems & used Chinese bureaucrats. Mongols held the highest positions. Chinese respected the stability & prosperity brought by the Mongols.
Marco Polo lived in Khanbaliq during this time. • Too much money spent on foreign conquests as well as internal instability & corruption led to an overthrow by a peasant named Zhu Yuanzhang. Set up the Ming dynasty.
Religion and Government • Buddhism was brought to China by merchants & missionaries. • Buddhist & Daoists became advisors at court. • By the end of the Tang dynasty, Buddhism & Doaism had lost support. Believed to be a foreign religion. • Government now supported Confucianism. Taught that the world is real, not an illusion, and that fulfillment comes from participation in the world, not from withdrawal. A material & spiritual world. The goal of humans should be to move beyond the material world to reach union with the Supreme Ultimate.
A Golden Age in Literature & Art • Printing made literature more available & popular. • Tang dynasty known as the great age of poetry. Li Bo (nature) & Duo Fu (social injustice & plight of the poor) were 2 popular poets. • Daoism influenced artists. Painted nature & people as insignificant in the midst of nature. • Ceramics- perfected making porcelain.
The Geography of Japan • Japan is a chain of many islands. • It is mountainous with only 20% of farmable land. • They developed many unique qualities. • Believed that they had a destiny separate from the peoples on the mainland.
The Rise of the Japanese State • The early Japanese settled along the Yamato Plain, near Osaka & Kyoto. • Society made up of clans. Small class of aristocratic class (rulers) & large class of rice farmers, artisans, & household servants. • Yamato clan became ruler of Japan. Other families still competed for power. • Shotoku Taishi united the clans to resist a Chinese invasion. Learned how the Chinese organized their government. He created a centralized government that limited the powers of aristocrats & increased the ruler’s.
Ruler portrayed as a divine figure & the symbol of the Japanese nation. • Divided into administrative districts. Tax system set up & paid to the government. Farmland belonged to the state. • Taishi died in 622. • Fujiwara clan took control. Capital now at Nara. Emperor used the title “son of Heaven”. Aristocrats took money for themselves.
794, moved capital to Heian (Kyoto). Power resided with Fujiwara clan. Government became decentralized. Aristocrats hired warriors, samauri’s (“those who serve”) to protect their security & property. Lived by the Bushido (“way of the warrior”). • Minamoto Yoritomo set up his power in present day Tokyo. Centralized government under a shogun (general), who had the real power. Called shogunate. Defeated the Mongols. Overthrown by Ashikaga family.
14th & 15th century had the aristocrats gaining power. Daimyo (“great names”) controlled vast landed estates. Relied on samurai for protection. • Onin War (1467-1477). Kyoto virtually destroyed. Central authority disappeared. Aristocrats ruled as independent lords and were at constant warfare.
Life in Early Japan • Economy based on farming. Grew wet rice. Traded China & Korea raw materials, paintings, swords, other manufactured items for silk, porcelain, books, & copper coins. • Women- right to inherit property; could divorce & remarried if abandoned; certain level of inequality. Artistic & literary talents. • Men- divorce women if they didn’t produce a male child, committed adultery, talked too much, was jealous, or had serious illness.
Early Japanese worshipped spirits, kami. Lived in trees, mountains, & rivers. Ancestors. Became a state religion known as Shinto, “the Sacred Way”. Believed in the divinity of the emperor & sacredness of the Japanese nation. • 6th century, Buddhism was brought from China. Zen Buddhism believed that there were different ways to achieve enlightenment. • Women were the most productive writers. • Japanese art, architecture, & landscape was an important means of expression.
The Emergence of Korea • Korea is relatively mountainous. Influenced by China & Japan. Came under control of Chinese. • Separate kingdoms emerged: Koguryo, Paekche, & Silla. Rivals. Silla gained control and then the king was assassinated. Civil war followed. • 10th century, Koryo dynasty lasted 400 yrs. Adopted Chinese political institutions.
13th century, Mongols seized northern part of Korea. Forced them to make ships for Kublai Khan. • 1392, Yi Song-gye, a military commander, seized power and founded the Yi dynasty.
The Decline of Buddhism • Buddhism remained popular among Indian people. People began to interpret his teachings in different ways. Resulted in a split. • Theravada (“teachings of the elders”) Following the original teachings of Buddha. It was a way of life, not religion. Believed that nirvana was a release from the “wheel of life” and could be achieved through an understanding of one’s self.
Mahayana was a religion, not a philosophy. Believed Buddha was divine, not just a wise man. Nirvana was not just a release from the “wheel of life”, but a true heaven. You could achieve it through devotion to Buddha. • Buddhism declined & Hinduism and Islam became more popular. • Buddhism became popular in China, Korea, SE Asia, and Japan
The Eastward Expansion of Islam • Islam becomes popular in NW India. India is mostly Hindu, but Pakistan & Bangladesh is Islamic. • Arabs reached India in the 8th century. Expansion began again in 10th century and founded Ghazni (Afghanistan). Rajputs (Hindu warriors) resisted but were not match. • By 1200, Muslims conquered the entire plain of northern India and created a new Muslim state known as Sultanate of Delhi.
The Impact of Timur Lenk • Late 14th century, Sultanate of Delhi declined. • Timur Lenk (Tamerlane) raided the capital of Delhi and killed 100,000 Hindu prisoners. • During the 1380s, he conquered the entire region east of the Caspian Sea and then occupied Mesopotamia. • Died in 1405 during a military campaign.
Islam and Indian Society • Muslims kept a strict separation between themselves and the Hindu population. • Realized that they couldn’t convert them all, so they tolerated the Hindu’s religion. • They did impose many Islamic customs on Hindu society. • Their relationship was marked by suspicion and dislike.
Economy and Daily Life • Between 500-1500, most Indians lived on the land & farmed their own tiny plots. • They paid a share of their harvest to the landlord, who sent part of it to the ruler. • Wealthy lived in the city. Agriculture was a source of wealth. • Fighting among states caused trade within India to decline. • Foreign trade remained high because of India’s location.
The Wonder of Indian Culture • Between 500-1500, architecture & literature flourished. • 8th century on- built monumental Hindu temples. Of the 80 built, 20 are still standing today. • Prose literature developed in 6th & 7th centuries. Dandin wrote “The Ten Princes”. He created a fantastic world, combining history & fiction.
The Land and People of Southeast Asia • SE Asia is the region between China & India. Composed of 2 parts: 1. mainland region, Chinese border to the tip of the Malay Peninsula. 2. Archipelago, or a chain of islands. Present-day Indonesia & the Philippines. • SE Asia is a melting pot of peoples. • Several mountain ranges posed geological barriers that separated the people.
The Formation of States • Between 500-1500 several states developed. • Vietnam- 10th century, overthrew the Chinese. Vietnamese adopted Chinese model of centralized government, Confucianism, court rituals, & civil service exams. Called itself Dai Viet (Great Viet). 1600, had expanded to Gulf of Siam. • Cambodia- (Angkor/Khmer Empire) Jayavarman united the Khmer people & crowned god-king. He set up the capital at Angkor Thom. Thai destroyed the capital and they set up a new capital near Phnom Penh.
Beginning in the 11th & 12th century, Thai came into conflict with Angkor. Set up capital in Ayutthaya. Major force in the region for 400 yrs. Converted to Buddhism & borrowed Indian political practices. Created unique culture that became Thailand’s culture. • Burmans migrated from the highland of Tibet to the valleys of Salween & Irrawaddy River. Nomads who adopted farming. Created kingdom of Pagan. Converted to Buddhism & borrowed Indian political institutions and culture. Active in sea trade. Mongol attacks caused their decline.
Malay Peninsula & Indonesian Archipelago were never united as a single state. 8th century, Srivijaya dominated the trade route and Sailendra was based on farming. Both were influenced by Indian culture. • Majapahit was the greatest empire the region had ever seen. Most of the archipelago & perhaps parts of the mainland were united under 1 ruler. • Melaka, an Islamic state, became a major trading port in the region and chief rival of Majapahit. • Nearly all the people of the region were converted to Islam and became part of the Sultanate of Melaka.
Economic Forces • SE Asia states divided into 2 groups: agricultural & trading societies. • Vietnam, Angkor, Pagan, & Sailendra depended on farming. • Srivijaya & Sultanate of Melaka depended on trade. • Demand for spices added to amount of trade in the region.
Social Structures • Hereditary aristocrats were top of the social ladder. Held both political power and economic wealth. Lived in major cities. • Rest of population consisted of farmers, fishers, artisans, & merchants. • Women had more rights than they did in China & India. Worked along side of men in the fields.
Culture and Religion • Chinese culture influenced Vietnam. • Indian culture influenced other areas of SE Asia. Architecture influenced the temple of Angkor Wat. • Hinduism & Buddhism was introduced but did not replace existing beliefs. They blended with new faiths. • Theravada Buddhism spread rapidly because it taught people could seek nirvana on their own, without the need for priests/rulers. Also tolerated local gods.
