“ISMS” in AP World History (:

1. “ISMS” in AP World History (: By: Alex Moon; period 3

2. Religious philosophies • Animism • A religious outlook that views gods in forms of nature that help them control and explain nature • Typical of Mesopotamian religions • Monotheism • The exclusive worship of a single god. • For example Allah. Muslims worshipped this God figure. • This was first introduced by the Jews into Western civilization. • Polytheism • Belief in multiple gods. • Mostly used in the earlier civilizations • Protestantism (Lutheran Version) • Disagreements with the Catholic church • They wanted state control of the church as an alternative to papal authority • This idea appealed to peasants because of the rebellions on landlords • Buddhism • Widespread Asian philosophy founded by Siddhartha Guatama in India in the 5th C. • They worship Buddha and base their philosophies on karma and ‘The Four Noble Truths’ • All existence is suffering, cause of suffering is desire, and freedom of suffering is Nirvana

3. Religious Philosophies cont. • Zoroastrianism • An Animist religion that sees material existence as a battle between forces of good and evil • Stressed the significance of moral choice • Main religion of the Persian Empire • Deism • The thought that God is present in the Scientific Revolution • Saying that the only role divinity played was to set natural laws in motion • Catholicism • One of the most practiced religions. • Faith, practice, and church order of the Roman Catholic Church • Lutheranism • During the Protestant and Catholic Reformations. Martin Luther set up his own religion apart from the regular Catholic Church. • He protested against selling indulgences and tat priests should marry, and that the Bible should be translated from Latin so ordinary people could have direct access to it. • Anglicanism • Also during the Protestant and Catholic Reformations • In England, Henry VIII set up an Anglican church to challenge papal attempts to enforce his first marriage.

4. Philosophy (beliefs) • Positivism • Founded by Auguste Comte • French philosophy based on observation and scientific approach to problems of society • It was adopted by a lot of Latin American politicians & intellectuals that found a set of principles that would help political stability & economic growth • Scholasticism • A medieval philosophy; it started in the schools or universities • It was based on the use of logic to resolve theological problems • Thomas Aquinas (Italian monk that felt humans could know much about natural order, moral law, and nature of God) stressed knowledge and the human ability to know • Conservatism • Political viewpoint that originated in western Europe during the 19th C. • It opposed revolutionary goals and wanted to restore the monarchy and defense of church • After the Congress of Vienna, which tried to promote the restoration of the monarchy these people were categorized under conservatives

5. Philosophy (beliefs) cont. • Fascism (political) • Dominant in Italy and then Germany during the 1920’s and 1930’s • Promised extreme nationalism, discipline military, and loyalty to state, antidemocratic • Support a society w/defined classes and is authoritarian, noncommunist, &pursued aggressive foreign expansion • Humanism • Focus on mankind as center of intellectual &artistic endeavor • Method of study that emphasizes the superiority of classical forms over medieval styles • Liberalism • Political viewpoint from western Europe during the 19th C. • Stressed limited state interference in individual life, representation of the work people in the government • Showed importance of constitution rule and protection for freedoms of religion, press, &assembly • Radicals: (another party during the Revolutions) • Wanted wider voting rights • Wanted social reforms for lower class

7. Philosophy (beliefs) cont. 2 • Revisionism • Socialist movement that didn’t support Marxism • Believed social success could be achieved gradually through political institutions, also by peaceful democratic means • Marxism: Karl Marx • Focused on human perfectibility (utopian); didn’t want class distinction

8. Movements • New feminism • Push for women’s rights in 1949 • Emphasized more literal equality that would play down domestic roles &qualities for women • Promoted specific reforms and redefinition of what it meant to be female • Religious revivalism (religious movement) • An approach to religious belief & practice that stresses the literal interpretation of texts sacred to the religion • The religions included: Christianity, Islam, Judaism, and Hinduism • Changed the way women were viewed and how some ‘practices’ were unethical • Romanticism • Artistic and literary movement of the 19th C. in Europe • Emotion and impression, not reason were the keys to the mysteries of human experience &nature • It portrayed passions, not calm reflection • For example: romantic novelists wanted to move people to tears, not debate

9. Movements cont. • Socialism – inca socialism • Political movement originating in western Europe during the 19th C. • Attacked private property in the name of equality • Wanted state control of means of production • End to capitalist exploitation of working man • Wanted to end the grievances of the working class • Reflected a theory from Karl Marx (no class distinction) • Inca Socialism: • Created by Spanish authors to describe Inca society as a type of utopia • Image of Inca Empire portrayed as a carefully organized system in which every community contributed as a whole • A son of a Spaniard and an Indian noblewoman wrote a history about his observations of the Inca Empire

10. Economic Movements • Mercantilism • Economic theory stressing governments’ promotion of limiting imports in order to improve tax revenues • Popular in the 17th & 18th C. in Europe • Wanted to emphasize home based manufacturing • It’s profitable trading

11. Political • Nationalism- balkan nationalism (beliefs) • Although this can somewhat fall under a belief, yet nationalism can be political in a sense that advertisement goes into it &interference with the government to hype up the people’s opinions of their country • Political viewpoint with origins in western Europe • Urged importance of national unity • Valuing one’s identity based on culture, race, or ethnic origin • Corporatism • The control of a state or organization by large interest groups • Ex: corporations controlling state • Federalism • Wanted policies to be set by regional governments rather than a centralized national administration • Supported by politicians who describe themselves as liberals • Usually the policies they are aiming to maintain are the taxes and commercial (commerce) regulation

13. Forms of Government • Manorialism • System describing economic and political relations between a landlord and their peasant laborers during the Middle Ages • It was a system of reciprocal obligations involving labor or rents for access to land • Feudalism • Dominant social system in Medieval Europe • Nobility held lands from the crown in exchange for military service • Vassals were then tenants for the nobles • The peasants were allowed to live on the lord’s land if they gave him homage, labor, and a share of the produce usually in exchange for military protection • Colonialism • Policy or practice of acquiring full or partial political control over another country, occupying it with settlers, and exploiting it economically • Ex: Latin American colonies, British Colonies, etc. • Imperialism • A policy of extending a country’s power and influence through diplomacy or military force • An unequal economic, cultural, and territorial relationship usually between states and often in the form of an empire based on domination & subordination • Ex: Persian, Roman, & Ottoman Empires