7 th Grade World History Review - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

7th Grade World History Review

Section 1: Uncovering the Remote Past

• Historians find evidence about the past in myths, primary sources, secondary sources, and material culture.

• Romans have left historians with a wealth of documents and artifacts to interpret. Pompeii offers an especially rich variety of material culture.

• Historians are always questioning their views of the past.

Section 2: The Empire at Its Height

• The Roman Republic lasted from 510 B.C. until 31 B.C., when Octavian became the first emperor of Rome.

• During the Pax Romana, the Roman Empire expanded to include Western Europe and most of the region bordering the Mediterranean Sea.

• By the third century, the Roman Empire had become too large to rule easily.

Section 3: The Western Empire Collapses

• The Roman Empire had many social and economic weaknesses.

• The Huns and the Goths threatened the Roman Empire.

• The Western Empire came under the power of the Franks and Germanic rulers.

Section 4: The Lasting Contributions of Rome

• Many countries have legal systems based on Roman law and speak languages based on Latin.

• A large network of roads helped unify the empire. Public water and sewer systems were very sophisticated.

• At first, Christianity was a persecuted religion. Later, Christianity helped to unify the empire.

Section 1: The Survival of the Eastern Empire

• Power in the Roman Empire shifted to the East under the emperor Constantine.

• Constantinople’s location made it the center of trade in the East and made it easier to defend.

• Justinian enlarged the Byzantine Empire and transformed the city of Constantinople.

Section 2: The Division of the Christian Church

• The Eastern Church, ruled by patriarchs, was well organized.

• The Byzantine emperor controlled the Eastern Church. The pope in Rome controlled the Western Church and had political influence in Western Europe.

• The Eastern and Western Christian civilizations moved apart because of political, cultural, and religious differences.

Section 3: Byzantine Civilization

• Constantinople was a cultural and political center. Byzantine civilization made important contributions to law, art, and architecture.

• The Byzantine Empire spread its culture and religion to the peoples of Eastern Europe.

• The Byzantine Empire shrank and eventually fell because of attacks from the outside and struggles from within.

Section 1: The Origins of Islam

• Islam arose in Arabia, a harsh land where people lived according to tribal culture.

• Muhammad, the founder of Islam and a political and military leader, united most of Arabia under Muslim rule.

Section 2: The Beliefs of Islam

• Islam’s most sacred texts, the Qur’an and the Sunnah, are believed to contain the word of God and the practices of Muhammad.

• One God, the individual soul, and the afterlife form the core beliefs of Islam.

• Muslims have religious duties called the Five Pillars: declaration of faith, prayer, alms-giving, fasting, and pilgrimage.

Section 3: The Spread of Islam

• In three phases, Islam was spread as far as Europe, Africa, and Asia by military conquest and peaceful conversion.

• Islam is the second-largest religion today, with two main groups, the Sunnis and the Shiites.

Section 1: The Expansion of Muslim Rule

• The caliphate reached it maximum geographic extent under the Umayyads, who established the first Islamic dynasty.

• The Abbasid Dynasty oversaw the golden age of Muslim civilization as well as the breakup of the caliphate.

Section 2: Muslims’ Daily Life

• Islamic law, or the Sharia, was developed from the Qur’an and the Sunnah. It detailed rules of personal conduct in Muslim society.

• Social class, gender roles, and education gave order to Islamic society.

Section 3: The Growth of Cities and Trade

• The Islamic world had many large, highly developed cities with strong economies.

• Traders traveled over land and by sea across the Islamic world and beyond, spreading goods, ideas, and inventions.

Section 4: Islamic Achievements

• The Muslim empire valued learning. Muslim scholars’ work in philosophy, medicine, science, mathematics, and geography influenced future civilizations.

• Muslim art, architecture, and calligraphy are noted for their use of patterns and the absence of human forms.

• The folk tales and poetry of the Muslim world were based on an oral tradition.

Section 1: Sub-Saharan Africa

• The Sahara acted as a barrier between Mediterranean and West African peoples.

• South of the Sahara, the landscape shifts from the dry Sahel to grasslands to rain forests.

• West Africa’s resources included minerals, plants, animals, and people.

Section 2: Ghana

• Ghana was founded by the Soninke people in the western Sudan.

• Traders from North Africa crossed the Sahara to exchange salt for Ghana’s gold.

• The Muslim Almoravids invaded Ghana and controlled it for a decade. Ghana never regained its previous power.

Section 3: The Rise of Mali

• After the fall of Ghana, Mali became a powerful empire in West Africa.

• Mali had a rich trade with countries in North Africa.

• The religion of Islam was an important influence in Mali.

Section 1: The Growth of Islam in West Africa

• The Songhai Empire expanded under Muslim rulers. It was the largest empire in West Africa.

• Timbuktu was a center of Islamic scholarship.

• Arabic became the language of law, learning, and business.

Section 2: West African Society

• West African societies were organized according to complex systems of kinship and class.

• Slaves made up the lowest caste in West Africa. However, slaves had some important rights.

• Trade was a central part of life in both villages and cities.

Section 3: Storytelling and the Arts of West Africa

• West Africans passed on their history and morals through an oral tradition.

• Music, dance, and sculpture played key roles in transmitting West African culture.

• West African cultures from the past have influenced modern African, European, and American societies.

Section 1: The Rise of the Mayas

• Maya civilization thrived in the southern lowlands of Mesoamerica.

• For hundreds of years, Classic Maya civilization had a rich and vibrant culture.

• Warfare, food shortages, disease, and other factors contributed to the decline of Maya civilization.

Section 2: Maya Society

• Maya society was roughly divided into two groups, nobles and commoners.

• The extended family was the basic unit of Maya society.

• The king’s authority was based on alliances, military power, and the favor of the gods.

Section 3: Maya Achievements

• Maya writing used a complex system of 800 glyphs.

• The Mayas were sophisticated astronomers and mathematicians.

• Maya buildings were impressive examples of architecture that were covered in elaborate, painted sculptures.

Section 1: The Rise of the Incas

• The peoples of the central Andes adapted to the harsh terrain by developing terrace farming and breeding hardy animals.

• The Inca Empire had its birth in southern Peru in the valley of Cuzco.

• The Inca Empire grew quickly to cover a vast region that included millions of people.

Section 2: Inca Society

• Inca society was organized according to a strict hierarchy. Each person’s role was defined by the state.

• All property in the Inca Empire was communal. There were few extremely wealthy or poor Incas.

• The Incas worshiped many gods and believed the Sapa Inca was a descendant of a god.

Section 3: Inca Achievements

• The Inca government was highly organized and efficient.

• The Inca people obeyed strict rules but were guaranteed food, clothing, and shelter.

• The Incas built sophisticated roads and buildings. They also excelled at metalwork and textile weaving.

Section 1: The Rise of the Aztecs

• The Valley of Mexico offered fertile land and a mild climate.

• The Aztecs founded Tenochtitlán on an island that provided good farmland, easy travel, and safety from attack.

• The Aztecs established a large empire in Mexico.

Section 2: Aztec Society

• Aztec society was divided into two main classes: nobles and commoners.

• The Aztec government depended on tribute from conquered states.

• The Aztecs practiced human sacrifice to appease the gods and to control their subjects.

Section 3: Aztec Achievements

• Tenochtitlán was a thriving city with impressive public and private buildings.

• The Aztecs created works of art using precious metals, colorful stones, and feathers.

• The Aztecs highly respected orators for their ability to recite stories, poems, and legends.

Section 1: The Tang and Song Dynasties

• From their capital at Chang’an, the Tang expanded China’s borders, strengthened the government, and promoted the arts.

• The Song era was one of good government. Scholar-officials rose to the top of society.

• After a barbarian invasion from the north, the Song moved south and prospered.

Section 2: Religion and Thought in China’s Golden Age

• Daoism, a philosophy of following the way of nature, became a religion by the Tang era.

• Pure Land and Chan Buddhism were popular in China. Some Daoists and Confucianists strongly opposed Buddhism.

• Confucian philosophy and religion stressed the importance of social order.

Section 3: Advances in Farming, Technology, and Trade

• Improved farming techniques enabled the population to double quickly, but changes in land tenure made some farmers poor.

• Technological inventions led to increased literacy and expanded overseas trade.

• Advances in farm production, transportation, and a money economy led to growth in trade and industry.

Section 1: The Mongol Ascendancy

• The Mongols, united under Genghis Khan, conquered a vast portion of Asia.

• Genghis Khan established the Yuan Dynasty in China and encouraged foreigners to come there.

• Marco Polo spent seventeen years in China and shared his knowledge of China with Europe on his return.

Section 2: The Ming Dynasty

• The Ming Dynasty restored centralized rule to China. China saw itself as the center of the world.

• China launched huge maritime expeditions that reached west to India, the Middle East, and Africa.

• China withdrew from official contact with other nations, though foreign trade continued to thrive.

Section 3: China’s Influence on the World

• Confucianism and Buddhism spread from China to influence Korea, Vietnam, and Japan.

• Chinese inventions such as paper, gunpowder, and the magnetic compass changed life in European countries.

Section 1: Land of the Rising Sun

• Japan consists of a chain of islands with a wide range of climates.

• People from the Asian mainland settled Japan over time.

• Japan adapted the Chinese writing system to its own language. It also embraced Buddhism when that religion arrived from Korea.

Section 2: The Age of Emperors

• Local clans and their leaders controlled early Japan.

• The Yamato clan gained power over Japan through wars and marriage alliances.

• Prince Shotoku introduced Japan’s first constitution. He borrowed heavily from China to create a strong, centralized government.

Section 3: The Development of Feudalism

• Japanese ruling society was based on rank, not merit. The court moved to Kyoto to avoid increasingly powerful Buddhists.

• After a long war, Minamoto Yoritomo became the first shogun of Japan.

• Feudalism emerged in Japan. Samurai served daimyo, who ruled like minor kings.

Section 4: Japan Under the Shoguns

• Samurai followed a strict code of honor in which loyalty to the lord was most important.

• Japan repelled two Mongol invasions with help from what they called a kamikaze, or divine wind.

• Tokugawa Ieyasu ended a long period of instability. He established his capital at Edo.

Section 1: Japan’s Cultural Flowering

• The development of a simpler form of writing made composing poetry, journals, and other literature easier.

• Women writers produced some of the most important literature of the Heian period.

• Buddhism influenced painting, sculpture, and architecture.

Section 2: The Development of Japanese Buddhism

• Buddhism became widely practiced in Japan by the Heian period. At the same time, the practice of Shinto continued.

• Some Buddhist sects emphasized prayers, ritual, and separation from society as essential to enlightenment.

• Other forms emphasized individual effort. Buddhism became increasingly popular.

Section 3: Japanese Society

• The basis of Japanese society was the clan. The welfare of the group was more important than individual needs.

• Buddhism and Confucianism emphasized ideas of harmony and unity. They viewed women as inferior.

• The economy grew because of increased numbers of artisans and merchants and through expanded trade.

Section 1: Europe in the Early Middle Ages

• Europe, which has a varied topography, is part of the Eurasian landmass.

• The Middle Ages is the period from 500 to 1500, after the Roman Empire and before the Modern Age.

• Charlemagne built an empire that covered most of central and western Europe.

Section 2: The Spread of Christianity in Europe

• The rise of monasteries and religious orders strengthened Christianity.

• Missionaries carried Christian beliefs throughout Europe.

• Eventually, most peoples of Europe were united under one Christian faith.

Section 3: The Development of European Feudalism

• Various groups of invaders entered western Europe between 800 and 1000.

• Outside attacks and a weak central government caused the feudal system to develop.

• The manor formed the economic foundation of European feudalism.

Section 1: Popes and Rulers

• Charlemagne established a Christian kingdom with close ties to the Church.

• Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne emperor, but this practice later caused problems.

• A power struggle between Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII revealed conflicts between the pope and emperor in the Holy Roman Empire.

Section 2: Kings, Nobles, and the Magna Carta

• In 1066, the Normans conquered Anglo-Saxon England and transformed English life and the English language.

• The Magna Carta and English law limited royal power and guaranteed basic rights.

• Parliament was formed to advise the king and limit his power.

Section 3: Religious Crusades

• European Christians launched the Crusades to capture the Holy Land from the Muslims.

• The religious fervor of the Crusades led to the persecution of Muslims, heretics, and Jews.

Section 4: Christians and Muslims in Spain

• Muslim Spain had a highly advanced civilization.

• The Reconquista ended Muslim rule in Spain and brought the growth of Christian kingdoms.

• Spanish Muslims and Jews were persecuted during the Reconquista.

Section 1: The Revival of Trade and Towns

• Farming innovations led to an increase in the food supply, which led to population growth.

• Increases in trade resulted from increases in population and wealth. A banking system and the growth of towns followed.

Section 2: An Age of Faith

• Europeans joined mendicant religious orders and built Gothic cathedrals as expressions of religious devotion.

• Universities developed from cathedral schools. Trade gave scholars access to ancient texts.

Section 3: The Breakdown of Medieval Society

• Famine and the Hundred Years’ War struck medieval Europe. New weapons ended feudal-style warfare.

• The bubonic plague spread along trade routes. A huge loss of life and dramatic social changes followed.

Section 1: The Origins of the Renaissance

• Economic and social changes began to break down the feudal order.

• Secular learning began to weaken Church control over education.

• These trends gave rise to the Renaissance, which began in prosperous Italian city-states.

Section 2: New Ways of Viewing the World

• Renaissance thinkers revived the classical ideas of ancient Greece and Rome.

• This “new learning” helped produce three new viewpoints: humanism, secularism, and individualism.

• Artists began to produce work based on secular themes, in a more realistic style.

Section 3: The Spread of New Ideas

• Scholars and students spread the Renaissance ideas across Europe.

• Key thinkers in northern Europe — such as More, Erasmus, and Rabelais — used Renaissance ideas to promote reform.

• The development of printing and advances in literacy helped spread Renaissance ideas.

Section 4: The Renaissance Legacy

• Renaissance art, architecture, and literature left a legacy for the modern world.

• Artists and architects like Brunelleschi, Leonardo, and Michelangelo revived classical forms and developed new techniques.

• Writers such as Dante, Shakespeare, and Cervantes helped develop language and literary forms that influenced world literature.

Section 1: The Origins of the Reformation

• Abuses by the Catholic Church generated criticism and dissent in Europe.

• The ideas of Protestant reformers spread, giving rise to the Reformation.

Section 2: The Counter-Reformation

• Catholic reformers started new religious orders that improved the Church’s reputation and attracted new followers.

• The Council of Trent answered Protestant challenges and affirmed Church authority.

Section 3: The Division of Christendom

• Lutheranism and Calvinism spread through much of northern Europe. Henry VIII formed the Church of England.

• Catholics and Protestants fought wars throughout Europe. Catholicism remained strongest in southern Europe.

Section 4: The Political Impact of the Reformation

• Protestant-Catholic wars increased the power of Europe’s secular rulers.

• Europeans turned to new forms of government after the Reformation.

Section 1: The Voyages of Discovery

• Improved maps, navigation tools, and ships made possible the explorers’ ocean voyages.

• Oceangoing explorers revealed the extent of Africa, the existence of the Americas, and a western sea route from Europe to Asia.

Section 2: The Conquest of the Americas

• The rich Aztec and Inca empires fell to Spanish conquistadors.

• The colonization of New Spain and Peru enriched Spain and devastated Aztec and Inca cultures and populations.

Section 3: The Planting of Colonies

• Europeans set up trading posts, colonies, and missions around the world.

• European exploration and colonization resulted in a worldwide exchange of plants, animals, peoples, diseases, and ideas.

Section 4: The Origins of Modern Capitalism

• At the end of the Middle Ages, capitalism, a new type of economic system, arose in Europe.

• Mercantilism, an economic theory based on overseas trade, also emerged in Europe.

Section 1: The Origins of the Scientific Revolution

• The ancient Greeks applied reason to studies of the natural world. Muslim scholars later preserved much of this science.

• During the late Middle Ages, Europeans combined Greek and Muslim science with Christian teachings.

• Renaissance humanism, global exploration, and new scientific tools sparked renewed interest in science.

Section 2: The Rise of Modern Science

• Beginning with Copernicus in the 1500s, scholars proved that the sun is the center of the universe.

• Newton reinforced the sun-centered model of the universe by developing the law of gravity.

• The work of Bacon and Descartes led to the development of the scientific method.

• Section 3: The Enlightenment

• Enlightenment thinkers developed key ideas about natural rights, balanced government, and the social contract.

• Enlightenment thinkers applied reason to the study of society and the economy.

Section 4: The Influence of Enlightenment Ideas

• American colonial governments were influenced by English law and Enlightenment ideas.

• Inspired by these principles, colonial leaders signed the Declaration of Independence and separated from Great Britain.

Section 5: Linking the Past and Present

• Many ideas and values from the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment continue to influence the world today.

• Enduring religious institutions and political systems shape our lives.