French & Indian War

French & Indian War

French & Indian War Comic Strips Follow along with the slides to get information and inspiration to fill out the 6 comic strip boxes below. Create a visual to capture the theme for each box, as well as a caption to explain the visual. 1 2 3 4 5 6

1 History of Anglo-Franco Conflict Dating back to the 1500s, there were at least a handful of times that the French and the English were allies in war. In recent history, the two countries were on the same side for World War I and World War II, as well as several conflicts since then, such as the Korean War, the Vietnam War and the Afghan War. As members of the United Nations, N.A.T.O. and the League of Nations over the last 100 years, there has been relative peace between England and France. World War I World War II

1 History of Anglo-Franco Conflict Despite the recent friendship, England and France have been bitter enemies throughout most of their history. They fought so often, in fact, that many of the wars were simply known by the duration of the conflict (e.g. ‘Hundred Years’ War’, ‘Nine Years’ War’ or ‘Seven Years’ War’).

1 History of Anglo-Franco Conflict Since the Norman Invasion almost 1,000 years ago, at least twenty major conflicts have occurred between the two nations, as seen on the timeline below. After the Reformation of the 1500s, several of the conflicts were driven by religious motives as France was predominantly Catholic and England predominantly Protestant. Norman Conquest (1066) Hundred Years’ War (1337-1453) Italian Wars (1511-59) Napoleonic Wars (1792-15) Breton War (1076-77) War of St. Sardos(1324) American Revolution (1775-83) Anglo-French War (1627-29) Vexin War (1087-98) Seven Years’ War (1754-63) Anglo-Dutch War (1666-67) Saintonge War (1242) Rebellion of 1088 Nine Years’ War (1688-97) War of Austrian Succession (1740-48) Henry II vs. Philip II 1208-13 Anglo-Norman War (1101) Stephen/Matilda Civil War 1135-54 War of Spanish Succession (1702-13) Anglo-Norman War (1105-06) Anglo-French War (1117-20) 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900

1 History of Anglo-Franco Conflict Get the names straight!!! Throughout the slides, many different names are used to mean the same thing. Familiarize yourself with these lists so that you can tell the difference between the names of the two countries and the people who live there. English England Anglo British Brits Britain ‘Roast Beef’ French France Frank Franco Gauls Norman ‘Frog’

Clash of Expanding Empires 2 Spain: During the Age of Exploration, Spain boasted the largest empire since Genghis Khan’s Mongol Empire in the 1200s. Beginning with Columbus’ 1492 voyage, Spain dominated in the Americas. Led by Cortes, they overthrew the powerful Aztecs in Central America and led by Pizarro, Spanish soldiers took down the wealthy and powerful Incans of South America. The Spanish profited from crops such as sugar and tobaccoand by extracting fabulous amounts of gold from the lands they conquered. Much like the Portuguese, the Spanish were mostly Catholic and set up Catholic missions in the areas they controlled. Spain

Clash of Expanding Empires 2 England: After Protestant England defeated the Armada of Catholic Spain in a naval battle in 1588, England began to dominate as the world’s next super-power. They expanded control of valuable territories rich in resources and advantageous for trading. The British Empire grew wealthy on Asian Spices, African slaves, and North American raw materials. England  Only when England’s North American colonies declared independence did England begin to loose much of their power and dominance. The newly formed nation called the United States decisively defeated England in two wars; The Revolutionary War and the War of 1812.

Clash of Expanding Empires 2 France: The French also claimed land on the North American continent as well as having the largest piece of the African pie. The French were perpetually in conflict with the English over territorial claims. The two countries were at war so often that their disputes were just given a length; like the Hundred Years’ War or the Seven Years’ War. France

3 War Begins in North America The French & Indian War was a major theater of the Seven Years’ War between France and England. During the Seven Years’ War, French and English forces fought each other all around the world. Although the war was fought in Central America, Africa, India, Europe and the Philippines, the first fighting took place in North America. Seven Years’ War (planned) French Invasion of England Pomeranian War French & Indian War Third Silesian War Third Carnatic War Seven Years’ War: West Indies Anglo-Spanish War Spanish-Portuguese War Seven Years’ War: West Africa

3 War Begins in North America The French & Indian War, as colonists of British North America called it, started in 1754, but turned into a worldwide conflict by 1756. The French & Indian War lasted 9 years (1754-1763), but the worldwide English and French conflict, the so-called Seven Years’ War, officially began in 1756 and ended in 1763. Seven Years’ War (planned) French Invasion of England Pomeranian War French & Indian War Third Silesian War Third Carnatic War Seven Years’ War: West Indies Anglo-Spanish War Spanish-Portuguese War Seven Years’ War: West Africa

3 War Begins in North America By the 1750s, only about 75,000 French colonists lived in North America. There were almost 20 times as many British colonists (1.5 million). Many native tribes controlled areas between the British Colonies and France’s Louisiana Territory. Fur trading was a major source of revenue, especially for French traders. Guns were often exchanged with natives for beaver pelts.

3 War Begins in North America The war began with the Battle of Jumonville Glen in 1754. This battle broke out when 21-year old major George Washington, along with British and Iroquois troops came upon a French scouting party and killed many of them. The skull of the French commanding officer, Joseph Coulon de Jumonville, was split open by an Iroquois tomahawk during the battle.

3 War Begins in North America With a war on the horizon, the French recruited Native American trade partners like the Huron, Mississauga, Ojibwa, Winnebago and Potawatomi to fight against the English. The English used Iroquois and Cherokees until the Cherokee turned against them in 1758. Huron Iroquois

4 Early French Military Success In 1755, the British planned to capture French forts in the north around Nova Scotia. Over 1,000 of the 1,500 British soldiers were killed in a series of ambushes by French and Indian soldiers. The French and their Native American allies hid behind trees and rocks in guerilla warfare fashion. George Washington helped organize the retreat of the remaining 500 troops to Virginia.

4 Early French Military Success The French also managed to get copies of the British war plans. Over the next few years, the French were hugely successful. They were able to fight off the English attempts to take various forts around the Great Lakes region.

4 Early French Military Success However, when England and France formally declared war on one another in 1756, the war went global. This meant that troops from both sides would be needed elsewhere in the world. And since the British already had 20 times as many people on the continent, the momentum was about to shift to the English.

5 Later British Military Success One of the British strategies by 1758 was to use their naval superiority and to cut off the French supply lines along the coast. Also, France’s Native American allies began to withdraw from their military commitments. Many blamed the French for bringing ‘bad medicine’ since large numbers of natives were suffering from smallpox. Meeting of Huron leaders as featured in the 1992 film Last of the Mohicans

5 Later British Military Success British victories gave them control of coveted forts along the frontier from Ohio to Canada. Fort Ticonderoga, which had been fought over for years, was finally in British control by 1759, as was Fort Niagara. The city of Montreal was also captured as British naval forces secured victories around Quebec. British and French naval battle from the French & Indian War

6 Results & Exchange of Territories Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1762) - Prussia and Russia agreed to a peace treaty Treaty of Hamburg (1762)- Sweden and Prussia agreed to stop fighting over Pomerania France, Spain, Austria, Russia England, Prussia, Portugal

6 Results & Exchange of Territories Treaty of Paris (1763) – After nine years of fighting, France and England, along with Spain and Portugal, agreed to end the French & Indian Waron the Continent of North America France, Spain, Austria, Russia England, Prussia, Portugal

6 Results & Exchange of Territories Treaty of Hubertusburg (1763) - After Prussia attacked Saxony in 1756, Prussia, Austria and Saxony agreed to revert back to original borders and to stop fighting over Silesia in Europe France, Spain, Austria, Russia England, Prussia, Portugal

6 Results & Exchange of Territories Additionally, Spain gave part of Florida to Britain while Britain gave part of Cuba back to Spain. France gave the Louisiana territory west of the Mississippi to its ally Spain since Spain lost land in Florida. France lost everything in the Caribbean except for the Islands of Pierre and Miquelon France, Spain, Austria, Russia England, Prussia, Portugal

6 Results & Exchange of Territories

French & Indian War Timeline History of Anglo-Franco Conflict Clash of Expanding Empires Fighting in North America Begins Early French Military Success Later British Military Success Results & Exchange of Territories 1754 1755 1756 1757 1758 1759 1760 1761 1762 1763

French & Indian War