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The Civil Rights Movement

The Civil Rights Movement. NAACP. N ational A ssociation for the A dvancement of C olored P eople Founded February 12, 1909 Founding members included W. E. B. Du Bois, Ida B. Wells-Barnett and Mary Church Terrell

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The Civil Rights Movement

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  1. The Civil Rights Movement

  2. NAACP • National Association for the Advancement of Colored People • Founded February 12, 1909 • Founding members included W. E. B. Du Bois, Ida B. Wells-Barnett and Mary Church Terrell • Founded to secure for all people the rights guaranteed in the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments • Active in many of the milestone Supreme Court cases involving Civil Rights

  3. Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka • 1954 Supreme Court decision reversing Plessy v. Ferguson • Decision stated that segregation "violates the 14th amendment to the U.S. Constitution, which guarantees all citizens equal protection of the laws." • Set the stage foreducational and social change throughout the United States • Combined 5 cases together including Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County (VA)

  4. Thurgood Marshall • Grandson of a former slave • Graduated from Howard University Law School after being denied admission to U of MD Law School based on race • Influential attorney with NAACP • Attorney on Brown v. Board case • Became first African-American to serve on the Supreme Court

  5. Thurgood Marshall http://preaprez.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/thurgood-marshall.jpg

  6. Earl Warren • Attorney General of California • Governor of California • Ran for President as a Republican • Nominated by Eisenhower to be Chief Justice of the Supreme Court in 1953 • One of the most influential advocates for social progress in the United States. • Along with John Marshall, one of the most influential Supreme Court Chief Justices • His court is characterized as “activist”

  7. Earl Warren, 2 • Nixon praised Warren for having personified "fairness, integrity and dignity" during his 16 years as Chief Justice.http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,840195,00.html#ixzz0mExrNRz9 • Warren responded: "We serve only the public interest as we see it, guided only by the Constitution and our own consciences."http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,840195,00.html#ixzz0mEyTpkxT • Ike said appointing Warren was his biggest mistake.

  8. Chief Justice Earl Warren http://www.supremecourthistory.org/history/images/014_warren.jpg

  9. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. • African-American clergyman and member of the NAACP • Led the 1955 Montgomery Bus boycott • Leader of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference(SCLC) • Promoted Civil Disobedience • In the eleven-year period between 1957 and 1968, King traveled over six million miles and spoke over twenty-five hundred times, appearing wherever there was injustice, protest, and action. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1964/king-bio.html

  10. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.,2 • 1963: Time Magazine Man of the Year • Won Nobel Peace Prize in 1964 • Youngest man to receive this prize • Gave his $54,123 prize money to the Civil Rights Movement • Assassinated April 4, 1968, while standing on his motel room balcony in Memphis, Tennessee • In Memphis to lead a protest march in sympathy with striking garbage workers of that city.

  11. http://www.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19640103,00.html

  12. Montgomery Bus Boycott • Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat on a bus on Dec. 1, 1955 • Tensions building over segregation policies on Montgomery busses • Boycott of the bus system started on 12/5 and lasted 381 days • Dr. King’s speech in Montgomery supporting the boycott was his first as a Civil Rights leader • Lawyers cited Brown v. Board of Ed decision in supporting their claims

  13. SCLC • Southern Christian Leadership Conference • Civil Rights group stemming from the Montgomery Bus Boycott • Established February 14, 1957 • Dr. King elected president • Provided regional leadership for protest activities against segregation • Activities were to be non-violent mass action • Involved in many Civil Rights activities

  14. Birmingham Demonstrations • MLK called Birmingham “the most segregated city in the United States.” • April 1963, picketed Birmingham’s department stores • Police Chief Eugene (“Bull”) Connorused snarling dogs, electric cattle prods, and high-pressure fire hoses to break up the crowds. • Broadcast on TV news around the country • Dr. King is arrested in a protest march and writes his “Letter from Birmingham Jail”

  15. http://media.photobucket.com/image/birmingham%20protest/dragonfly_777/Birmingham_campaign_dogs.jpghttp://media.photobucket.com/image/birmingham%20protest/dragonfly_777/Birmingham_campaign_dogs.jpg

  16. March on Washington • August 28, 1963 @ Lincoln Memorial • At the time, was the largest public protest in the history of the nation. • Over 250,000 marchers • “Freedom buses”organized from hundreds of cities to bring people to DC • Dr. King gave “I have a dream” speech • “Free at last! Free at last! Thank God Almighty, we are free at last!” • Partly credited with passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964

  17. Civil Rights Act of 1964 • Finally demonstrated legislative support of the 14th Amendment • Most far-reaching Civil Rights legislation since Reconstruction • Outlawed discrimination in employment on the basis of race, religion, national origin, or sex • Guaranteed equal access to public accommodations and schools • Created EEOC

  18. Freedom Summer • Summer 1964 • Major Civil Rights campaign in Mississippi • Volunteers from all over the country • Set up freedom schools, which taught black children traditional subjects and Black history • Conducted a major voter registration drive • Organized the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party, an alternative to the all-white Democratic organization in Mississippi.

  19. Freedom Summer, 2 • 15 Civil Rights workers murdered • Only about 1,200 Black voters registered • “What do we want?…Freedom! When do we want it?...Now!”

  20. Selma March • From Selma, Alabama to state capitol in Montgomery • March 7, 1965 known as “Bloody Sunday” • Because voting-rights activist was killed • Marchers met by mounted state troopers with tear gas and clubs • March 9, Dr. King led a symbolic march to the Petty Bridge • "The law is clear that the right to petition one's government for the redress of grievances may be exercised in large groups...,and these rights may be exercised by marching, even along public highways." Fed. Dist. Ct Judge Johnson

  21. Selma March, 2 • Third march on Sunday, March 21 • Started out with 3,200 marchers • Ended on March 25 with 25,000 marchers • In 1996, National Parks Service created the Selma-to-Montgomery National Historic Trail • Voting Rights Act signed in August!

  22. Voting Rights Act • Passed August 5, 1965 • Outlawed literacy tests and other “Jim Crow” era tactics for keeping African-Americans from voting • Authorized the Attorney General to send federal examiners to register voters in any county where less than 50 percent of the voting-age population was registered. • 24th Amendment outlawed Poll Taxes • These actions put meaning into 15th Amendment

  23. SNCC • Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee • Founded in 1960 by students • Played a major role in • March on Washington • Freedom Summer • Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party • Later led by Stokely Carmichael • Focused on “Black Power” • Protesting war in Vietnam

  24. Freedom Rides • Civil Rights activists rode interstate busses into the segregated South to test Supreme Courtdecision inBoynton v. Virginia • Decision prohibited discrimination in bus terminal restaurants and waiting rooms • First ride left DC on May 4, 1961 • In second week of trip, violently attacked • One of the busses was burned • Many riders were jailed • Most rides sponsored by CORE and SNCC

  25. Robert Moses • Led voter registration drives in Mississippi in 1960s • In 1966, went to Canada rather than be drafted • Returned to US when President Carter granted amnesty to draft resisters • Has devoted his life to teaching Algebra to inner-city students • Sees Algebra as a “gate-keeper” course • Without Algebra students can’t advance to higher level science and math classes

  26. Ku Klux Klan • Resurgence in 1960s • White Knights of the Ku Klux Klan • First Imperial Wizard was Samuel Bowers • Very secretive and responsible for much violence against Civil Rights workers • In particular, 3 CORE volunteers (Goodman, Schwerner, and Chaney) were killed for their Freedom Summer actions • 2005, Klan member Edgar Ray Killen convicted in the murders

  27. Medgar Evers • Mississippi Civil Rights Activist • Mississippi Field Secretary of NAACP • Involved in boycott of white merchants • Killed outside his home by KKK • Buried with full military honors in Arlington • His death prompted Bob Dylan to write "Only a Pawn in Their Game"

  28. 16th Street Baptist Church • September 15, 1963 • Largest African-American Church in Birmingham, AL • Church bombed by KKK on a Sunday while services being held • 4 girls killed • FBI investigated but didn’t press charges • Bomber not charged until 1977 • Convicted and died in jail

  29. Fannie Lou Hammer • Civil Rights leader and voting rights activist • Helped organize Mississippi Freedom Summer • Attended 1964 Democratic National Convention • “Freedom Democrat” • LBJ referred to her as “that illiterate woman” • Participated in 1968 Democratic Convention as a delegate

  30. Kerner Commission • National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders • Formed by Pres. Johnson in July 1967 in response to inner city violence during the summers since 1964 • Report said: “Our Nation Is Moving Toward Two Societies, One Black, One White—Separate and Unequal” • Warned that “apartheid-like” conditions faced our cities if changes not made.

  31. James Meredith • First African-American to attend the University of Mississippi • Governor Ross Barnett attempted to block Meredith’s enrollment • Riots and violence followed with 2 dieing • Dylan wrote “Oxford Town” about the event

  32. Second Reconstruction • What some historians call the Civil Rights movement of the 1950s-1960s • Civil War seen as only “half emancipating” African Americans

  33. Major Great Society Legislation http://ebooks.bfwpub.com/henretta6e.php

  34. Sources • http://www.naacp.org/about/history/ • http://brownvboard.org/summary/ • http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/civilrights/al4.htm • http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/6545/ • http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/reconstruction/activism/sf_rights.html

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