The War of 1812

1. The War of 1812 America’s Second War for Independence?

2. Learning Targets: I will.. • Identify and explain the causes and events occurring during the War of 1812: • What were the conflicts with Britain, France, and Natives? • What was the impact of political factions on international diplomacy? • What was the outcome of the War of 1812

3. Causes of the War: #1 • French Revolutionary Wars continue • American merchants making large profits • Britain and France looking for ways to weaken one another…easiest way was to cut off supplies • The French and British continued seizing ships and supplies • 1803-1807 • France seized 500 ships • Britain seized 1,000 ships

4. Review… • What was the Embargo Act? What was its impact? • What legislation replaced the Embargo Act? • Who was Tecumseh? • Why might the US WANT to declare war on Britain? What actions were inciting the US?

6. James Madison: Our Nations 4th President

7. Dolly Madison

8. James Madison Enters White House • By 1809: Many American’s super angry at Britain • Rise of the WARHAWKS! • Led by Henry Clay of Kentucky and John C. Calhoun of S. Carolina • John C. Calhoun is Miss Weaver’s least favorite person in American History; she hates him…more on that later!

9. Florida and the War of 1812? • Frontiersman in the “North” wanted the US to acquire Canada, while the South wanted the United States to acquire Spanish Florida • Indians would raid north into white settlements • Slaves would escape • In 1810, American settlers in West Florida( Mississippi and Louisiana) seized the Spanish fort at Baton Rouge and asked federal government to annex territory to the United States • President Madison happily agreed and began planning rest of Florida too. • Another motivation for war with Britain. Spain was Britain’s ally.

10. Can you say scary?!? John C. Calhoun Henry Clay

11. 1812 • Things have devolved even further: • Britain is continuing impressment and a rash of attacks on American frontier settlements surged • June 18, 1812: Congress declares war! • Britain’s response: Whatever…we’ll focus on you later • British occupied with Napoleon and France • By 1813, France was weakened, so the British turned their attention to America.

12. Ho hum…here we go again. Those whiney Americans. Hmmmm…We’ll show you! We DECLARE WAR!!!

13. James Madison Washington Lord Liverpool London The War of 1812

14. Early Days of the War • Ooops…remember Jefferson cut the military? • Only 16 warships and fewer than 7,000 men • Britain's main strategy: Blockade of America’s coast • Shutting down a port or road to prevent people or supplies from coming into an area or leaving it. • By 1814, 135 British warships blockading American ports

15. British Blockade

16. Early Stages of War • US plans quick invasion of Canada…assume that Canadians will welcome “liberation” • Quick & Dirty: • July 1812: We invade Canada with about 1,000 men and have our butts kicked by British regulars • We lose Detroit and most of Michigan Territory • October 1813: We redouble our efforts and engage British and Natives on Lake Erie and then at the Battle of Thames

17. USS Constitution • USS Constitution and HMS Guerrirebattled 400 miles off the coast of Halifax, Nova Scotia on August 19, 1812. • Short barrage of gunfire by both sides led to the Guerriere becoming damaged beyond repair. • The battle with Guerriere earned her the nickname of "Old Ironsides“. • This battle, the first of several U.S. Navy victories in ship-to-ship contests, encouraged Americans and chagrined the British

19. Key Battles: The Battle of Thames • October 5, 1813, British and Indian forces are defeated by American forces in Canada • Tecumseh’s death ends Indian resistance in the Ohio River Valley Methinks one day I will be President! WHH is the General commanding all US troops in the Northwest Territory William Henry Harrison

20. Key Battles: The Battle of Thames

21. The British Burn the Capital • August 1814, the British Army invades the United States and marches on Washington D.C. • After a brief fight the city surrenders and nearly all government buildings are razed by fire including the White House & Capital • Madison rallies the American public after this defeat

23. The White House

24. The Capitol Building

25. The War of 1812

26. HATE Next Step…March on Baltimore!

27. Fort McHenry • British bombarded the fort through the night on September 13,1814 • Francis Scott Key, a prisoner on a British barge witnessed the British bombardment of Fort McHenry, near Baltimore for 12 hours • In the morning he observed that the American flag still flew over the fort and writes a poem called “The Defense of Ft McHenry” it eventually becomes a song “The Star Spangled Banner”

30. After the Battle of Fort McHenry • Unsuccessful at Baltimore, damaged fleet limped to Jamaica for repairs, and made preparations for an invasion of New Orleans, hoping to cut off American use of the Mississippi River. I’m on island time now! Admiral Cochran

31. Ending the War • The Treaty of Ghent on December 24, 1814 ends the War of 1812 • The war is considered staus quo ante bellum, which means everything goes back to the way it had been before the war… • BUT, it took weeks for the news to actually reach the US… • In the mean time: The war continues to rage on!

32. The Treaty of Ghent

33. Communication Breakdown John, why didn’t you update your facebook status…Or at least Tweet that the war was over?!? Sorry, I was playing Words with Friends with the Secretary of War

34. The Battle of New Orleans • January, 1815: The American forces are a multicultural, motley band of experienced soldiers and warriors • The British, a trained army, are virtually mauled by American forces hiding behind earthworks and cannons • American forces led by General Andrew Jackson, inflicts great casualties on the British army • Andrew Jackson becomes synonymous with America’s winning the war.

35. The Battle of New Orleans

36. This is the best moment of my life… You realize this victory is completely meaningless…

37. The Losses British Casualties American Casualties 13 dead 39 wounded 19 missing • 291 killed • 1,267 wounded • 484 captured or missing • Major General Edward Pakenham killed in action

38. Hartford Convention • War of 1812 unpopular in New England • Believed commercial interests were being sacrificed by the Southern and new Western states • Mostly Federalists from Massachusetts, Connecticut and Rhode Island • Discussed secession • While the convention was being held, the ship carrying news of the Treaty of Ghent was on its way from Belgium

39. Impact of the War • A sense of nationalism sweeps America. • Nationalism is a belief and sense of pride in one’s country based on it’s achievements. • The nation will embark on foreign trade and begin to build a transportation system in the United States. • Native American resistance will be removed from the Ohio River Valley permanently opening the Midwest for expansion.