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The War of 1812: Challenges and Triumphs

Explore the background, events, and outcomes of the War of 1812, including political tensions, military battles, and the Treaty of Ghent. Learn about key figures and decisive moments in this significant conflict.

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The War of 1812: Challenges and Triumphs

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  1. The War of 1812

  2. Background • Jefferson re-elected in 1804 • American shipping threatened during 2nd term • 1806 – Napoleon excludes BR goods from EUR • G.B. blockades EUR • What does this mean for the U.S.?

  3. Background • By 1807: • BR seized 1,000+ ships & cargoes • FR seized 500+ • Americans angry over BR policy of impressment

  4. U.S. Response • (Post Chesapeake incident) (more later) • Embargo of 1807 • Banned exports to other countries • Belief: Hurt on Britain & EUR • Believed Result: EUR & BR would honor American neutrality • Reality: Embargo hurt Americans more • Repeal: 1809. Non-Intercourse Act – formally reopened trade w/ BR & FR

  5. Election of 1808 • Madison wins • Can’t dominate like T. Jeff • Ends up re-authorizing embargo (just Britain) • AMERICAN NEUTRALITY ENDING

  6. War? • Madison to Congress in 1808: • Madison’s Complaints about British: • Impressment! • Neutrality – Violated! We’re already at war with Britain, yo.

  7. A New Challenger Approaches: WAR HAWKS • Young congressmen from S. & W. • Motto: “On to CANADA!” • Sen. John C. Calhoun [SC] • Speaker of the House: Henry Clay [KY] • Complaints: • British aid to the Native Americans • Wanted: • AMERICAN EXPANSION • Protecting American Honor!

  8. War? • S. & W. Representatives vote War • DE, NY, NJ, PA (New England states) oppose • War Hawks win

  9. Election of 1812

  10. #AMERICANPROBLEMS • Militarily Unprepared • 16-ship navy vs. Britain’s 800 ships • No draft (militias) • Financially Unprepared • Flood of paper $ • No revenue from import tariffs • Regional Disagreements • NY Regiment refused to cross into Canada

  11. The War in Canada • British soon capture Detroit • US fails to take Montreal • Oliver Hazard Perry – Lake Erie • America retakes Detroit • Native Americans allies for both • Tecumseh fights w/ Britain • Killed in Battle of the Thames, 1813

  12. The War at Sea • First real test of navy • 16 Ships • 3 44-gun frigates (the President, the United States, the Constitution) • Nov 1812 – BR gov orders blockade of Chesapeake & Delaware bays • US wins some naval victories • BR orders more blockades • End of 1813 – most US ships stuck in port

  13. Canada Strikes Back • 1814 – British raiding along Atlantic • Battle of York (capital of upper Canada) • US burnt governor’s mansion & legislative bldgs. • British enter D.C. • Burn the Capitol, White House

  14. Canada Strikes Back • Aug 24th – POTUS Madison & staff flee • Dolly Madison

  15. War of 1812 Overview

  16. 3 U.S. Invasions of 1812

  17. Campaigns of 1813

  18. Battle of Fort McHenry, 1814 Francis Scott Key pens the words to the Star Spangled Banner

  19. The Hartford Convention • December 1814 – January 1815 • NE States openly talked about secession • WHY? • Pro-British Federalists • Sympathy w/ BR • Napoleon = “anti-Christ of the age” • Canada = +agrarian states in “NW” • Conclusion: Send a group to DCto demand more states’ rights!

  20. The Treaty of Ghent – Dec. 24th 1814 • (Too late Hartford Conventionists!) • Treaty: • ARMISTICE • 1815 – Commercial Treaty = Trade • 1817 – Warships limited in Great Lakes • 1818 – US N. Border set at 49th parallel • 10-yr joint occ. of OR Territory • US Treasury somewhat bankrupt

  21. The Battle of New Orleans - 1815 • BR Gen. Packenham in New Orleans (Dec 1814) • Follows Jackson to MS R. • Jackson fortifies, waits for BR • 2100 BR casualties • Americans: 13 dead, 58 MIA • Jackson already won numerous battlesvs. Natives (power destroyed in S.) • “Greatest” Battle of the War

  22. The Battle of New Orleans - 1815

  23. Jackson’s Florida Campaigns

  24. Outcomes • Federalists accused of treason (lose power) • Little America stopped Great Britain! Yay!

  25. “The Battle of New Orleans”

  26. “The War of 1812” (Canadian Version)

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