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The Crusades

The Crusades. By Yesenia Valverde. Background.

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The Crusades

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  1. The Crusades By Yesenia Valverde

  2. Background In 1095, Byzantine Emperor Alexius urged Pope Urban II to send help against the armies of the Muslim Turks, who had taken over much of Anatolia. In the Council of Clermont, the pope called to all Christians in Europe to wage war against the enemies and reclaim the Holy Land. He cried “Deus vult!”, meaning “God wills it!” Immediately, his plea was met with an enormous response of zealous Christians. "Christians, hasten to help your brothers in the East, for they are being attacked. Arm for the rescue of Jerusalem under your captain Christ. Wear his cross as your badge. If you are killed your sins will be pardoned.” Pope Urban II

  3. The First Crusade In 1096, the main armies of Crusaders set out to the Middle East. They experienced a very difficult journey, facing starvation, thirst, and disease. Upon arriving, the armies quickly conquered Nicea. It then took several months for them to conquer the heavily fortressed city of Antioch. Finally, in the summer of 1099, the Crusaders laid siege to Jerusalem and eventually forced their way into the city.

  4. The Massacre of Jerusalem Upon climbing over the walls of Jerusalem, the Crusaders pillaged the city, slaughtering hundreds of men, women, and children. “But these were small matters compared to what happened at the Temple of Solomon, a place where religious services are normally chanted ... in the temple and the porch of Solomon, men rode in blood up to their knees and bridle reins. Indeed it was a just and splendid judgment of God that this place should be filled with the blood of unbelievers since it had suffered so long from their blasphemies.” Raymond d'Aguilers, 

  5. The Second Crusade After the First Crusade, four Crusader States were created in the conquered territory: Jerusalem, Edessa, Antioch, and Tripoli. In 1144, however, the Seljuks captured Edessa, triggering the Second Crusade. Led by King Louis VII of France and King Conrad III of Germany, the crusaders set out in 1147. Conrad’s forces were crushed by at Dorylaeum. After joining King Louis and attacking Damascus, the Crusaders were humiliatingly defeated by the Muslim forces.

  6. The Third Crusade In 1187, the new Egyptian sultan, Saladin, led a major campaign against the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem. After its surrender, the Western world was outraged. Led by King Philip Augustus of France, King Richard I of England, and the German emperor, Frederick Barbarossa, the Third Crusade was underway by 1189. Two years later, Richard’s forces defeated those of Saladin in the battle of Arsuf. In the city of Jaffa, Richard restored Christian control and began his approach to Jerusalem. Finally, in 1192, he and Saladin signed a peace treaty, which allowed for the establishment of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, though without the actual city of Jerusalem. Christians would, however, be permitted to visit without paying tribute, and have access to the holy places.

  7. From the Fourth to the Sixth Crusades In the Fourth Crusade, called for by Pope Innocent III in 1202, forces captured Constantinople instead of Jerusalem. In the Fifth Crusade, also put in motion by Pope Innocent III in 1213, the Crusaders attacked Egypt from both land and sea, but were forced to surrender to Muslim defenders. In the Sixth Crusade, in 1228, Emperor Frederick II achieved the peaceful transfer of Jerusalem to Crusader control through negotiation with al-Kamil. A decade later, however, Muslims easily regained control of Jerusalem.

  8. Impact of the Crusades Caused commerce to grow exponentially Triggered an interest in Eastern culture, contributing to the rise of Scholasticism and the establishment of universities Influenced Christian architecture Helped bring an end to feudalism • Resulted in the loss of many lives and Christian relics • Established the papacy as a worldwide authority, capable of corruption • Made the use of violence for religious matters commendable, later influencing the Inquisition and other violent endeavors

  9. Works Cited • Information: • http://history-world.org/crusades.htm • http://www.middle-ages.org.uk/the-first-crusade.htm • http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/plaintexthistories.asp?historyid=ab54 • http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04543c.htm • Video: • Jones, Terry, perf. Crusades. 1995. DVD. 30 Jan 2013.

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