The Civil Rights Movement

1. The Civil Rights Movement APUSH – Unit 8 R. M. Tolles

2. Two Types of Segregation • De facto Segregation – segregation that exists by practice and custom • De jure segregation – segregation by law • End of WWII, segregation still flourished • 1942 – foundation of CORE • 1960s – New leadership, change in opinion, felt it was the right time • Emit Tills – unofficial start to the Civil Rights movement.

3. Plessy v. Ferguson • 1865 – Civil War ended. All Slaves Free • 1865-1896 - Reconstruction • Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) - Declared that Separate but equal was ok • Officially Ended reconstruction

4. Rosa Parks • 1955 • Secretary of NAACP • Her and three other African Americans refused to give up their seats on a segregated bus in Alabama • All were arrested • ROSA PARKS WAS NOT THE FIRST OR LAST AFRICAN AMERICAN TO BE ARRESTED FOR SITTING IN A WHITE ONLY SECTION OF A BUS!! • In response, African Americans organized bus boycotts*, successful due to the large amount of business African Americans gave the bus companies.

5. Brown v. Board of Education (1954) • Thurgood Marshall was the lawyer • Ruled that separate is inherently NOT equal • Desegregated schools • Massive outrage at places where integration was a problem • Military was called in to integrate the schools.

7. Little Rock Nine • Governor Oral Faubus used National Guard troops to denied access to the Nine African American children. • Eisenhower called in the 101 st Airborne to enforce the law and desegregate the school system. • Increase in tensions

8. Freedom Riders • Supreme court said it was illegal to segregate interstate highways though not enforced • Riders took to the buses to draw attention to integrating bus terminals. • CORE members rode buses across state lines to provoke a violent reaction to force JFK to enforce laws • Massive brutality done to riders • Was very effective • CORE, also successfully organized sit-ins for integration during this time.

9. James Meredith • Air Force veteran won Supreme court case allowing him to enroll in all white Ole’ Miss University • Governor Ross Barnett called on white demonstrators to keep this from happening • September 30, 1962 – riots all over campus to keep from being desegregated

11. The Movement Spreads • Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) – college version of SCLC. Shaw University, Raleigh, NC – organized by students. • Sit-ins – African Americans would sit at a all white counter until they were serve…. Severely harassed and beaten… Woolworth’s store in Greensboro, NC

12. Martin Luther King, Jr. • Born Michael Luther King, Jr. in 1929 • Father changed his name to Martin Luther after European trip • Organized bus boycott after Rosa Parks was arrested • Founded the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) – first established to end segregation, later emphasized voting. “to carry on non-violent crusades against the evils of second class citizenship” Based his philosophy and techniques off of Mohandas Gandhi

14. Civil Rights Act of 1964 • NAACP secretary Medgar Evers killed by white supremacist sniper Byron de la Beckwith but was released after two hung juries • Many blacks now wanted a more militant approach to the equality • In 1964, Johnson, taking JFK’s ideas, pushed through the Civil Rights Act making it illegal to discriminate because of Race

15. “I have a Dream…”

16. Selma to Montgomery March • 1965 • March was a protest over African Americans being in the majority, but only a fraction were being allowed to vote.

17. Voting Rights Act of 1965 • Banned all literacy tests at the polls • Made it nearly impossible for local governments to keep people from voting

18. African Americans Fight Back • Malcolm X – wanted to separate blacks from whites, also encouraged armed self-defense • Nation of Islam – Black Muslims, originated by Elijah Muhammad • Stokely Carmichael – Leader of SNCC, began the Black Power Movement • Black Panthers – originated to fight police brutality in Oakland, CA. Preached self-defense and many shoot-outs between Panthers and police • Malcolm X compared to MLK Jr.

20. Martin Luther King Jr. Assassinated • April 4, 1968 by James Earl Ray on a balcony • MLK predicated his death in a speech the day before. • Robert Kennedy begged the African American community for nonviolence the day after, but with no results • 100 cities rioted • Robert Kennedy assassinated later that year

21. A New Look at Civil Rights • Kerner Commission – studied cases of Urban Violence. 200,000 word report said segregation and inequality was the root cause for all urban violence • Civil Rights act of 1968 – this made de jure segregation illegal and did everything in its power to end de facto segregation as well • Affirmative Action – (1960’s) A special effort to give benefits to groups of people who had previously been discriminated against