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Ch. 25: Nationalism in Europe

Ch. 25: Nationalism in Europe. Sec. 1: The Unification of Italy. Liberals & Nationalists in Italy. Early 1800s many thinkers & writers tried to revive interest in Italy’s traditions; the nationalist movement was known as risorgimento (resurgence)  goals were liberation & unification.

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Ch. 25: Nationalism in Europe

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  1. Ch. 25: Nationalism in Europe Sec. 1: The Unification of Italy

  2. Liberals & Nationalists in Italy • Early 1800s many thinkers & writers tried to revive interest in Italy’s traditions; the nationalist movement was known as risorgimento (resurgence) goals were liberation & unification

  3. One such group was the Carbonari & the most famous was Giuseppe Mazzini  called for all Italian patriots to join his Young Italy movement  dedicated to spreading the ideas of the risorgimento • Mazzini felt Italy should be ruled by a republic & not a king or pope

  4. In 1848 liberals & nationals led revolts in several Italian states but the revolts failed • Conservative nationalists wanted a federation of Italian states ruled by the pope • Other Italians wanted a constitutional monarchy under KingVictor Emmanuel II, didn’t support liberals

  5. Sardinia, France, & Austria • His chief minister, Camillo Benso diCavour was a republican, patriot, & supported the goals of the liberals • Cavour actually governed the kingdom of Sardinia not the King • Cavour reorganized & strengthened the Sardinian army • He helped to establish banks, factories, railroads & improved trade w/ other countries

  6. Cavour tried to reduce the political influence of the church • Cavour proposed an alliance of France & Sardinia against Austria bcuz he saw Austria as the biggest barrier to Italian unification • Napoleon III agreed bcuz he figured w/ Austria out of the way, France could dominate the Italian states

  7. 1859 Cavour began military preparations for war & Austria declared war • The French & Sardinian forces had some success • Napoleon feared that Prussia would help the Austrians so he signed an armistice w/ Austria • Sardinia received Lombardi, but Austria kept Venitia & some Austrian rulers were put back in power • Napoleon received Nice & Savoy • But the Italian people held rebellions & voted to join the kingdom of Sardinia

  8. Garibaldi & the Thousand • The southern half of Italy was called the kingdom of the Two Sicilies • Nationalist Giuseppe Garibaldi was devoted to Italian freedom • Spring 1860 Garibaldi & his 1,000 soldiers invaded & captured Sicily • Garibaldi became a hero

  9. Garibaldi wanted to capture Rome but Covour didn’t want Garibaldi to displace King Emmanuel so he sent an army to stop Garibaldi • Garibaldi & Emmanuel met in Naples & Garibaldi agreed to support the King if the king let him serve as the gov. of Naples  the king refused

  10. Unification & its Problems • 1860 Italians held plebiscites voting to unite • 1861 Victor Emmanuel II as king of Italy • 1870 Rome became capital of Italy • Still there were problems: country remained divided by cultural traditions, tensions between industrialized north & agricultural south

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