Cellular Respiration

1. Cellular Respiration 7.3 Aerobic Respiration

2. Stages Aerobic Respiration • Stage 1: • Stage 2: • Stage 3: • Stage 4: • Glycolysis occurs in _______________________ • Stage 2 – 4 occurs in ________________________- possess _____________________ membrane: outer membrane as well as an inner membrane (highly folded)- ____________________________ space between both membranes (fluid filled)- inner membrane contains mitochondrial __________________________ (protein-rich liquid that fills interior)

4. Aerobic cellular respiration: Overview

5. Aerobic respiration: An overview A series of enzyme controlled reactions • ______________________ is used to oxidize glucose • ________________________ to form ___________ • ________________________ to form ___________ During the oxidation of glucose: • Electrons transferred to electron carriers, _________ and _________ • Electrons then passed through an ________________ ____________________________ • The ________________________ from the electrons will be used to pump _______________. • The energy from the _____________________ of protons will be used to make _________.

7. Stage 2: Pyruvate Oxidation • Recall: reactions of glycolysis produced TWO ________________________, TWO __________, and 2 ________________- does not require _______ ; occurs in ________________________ • Pyruvate Oxidation: chemical pathway that connects glycolysis to Krebs cycle • 2 pyruvate molecules are moved from the cytoplasm to the ___________________ of the mitochondria • ______________ is removed from each _____________________ molecule and released as a ____________________ product (1/3 of what you exhale)

8. Stage 2: Pyruvate Oxidation Cont. • The remaining 2-carbon portions are oxidized by ______________; As a result, the NAD+ molecule gains two hydrogen atoms and the remaining ________________ molecule becomes ________________________ • _________________________ (Co-A) attaches and forms ________________________ • Acetyl-coA enters stage 3 (Krebs cycle) and NADH goes to _______________________ • 2 ___________ diffuses out of the mitochondria and cell.

10. Stage 3: Krebs Cycle • This is an _________ step and cyclic stage • cyclic because one of the products of step 8, is a reactant in step 1 • At the end of the Krebs Cycle, all __________ carbons have been oxidized to _____________ and released from the cell as metabolic _________________ • All that remains is some free ____________________ in the form of ____________ and high energy ____________ and _______________ • These energy carriers enter the ___________

11. Krebs Cycle: The Details • Cycle occurs ________________ for each ______________________ molecule • Acetyl CoA adds 2-carbons to ___________________, producing _______________________ • Citrate loses a __________ molecule, and the resulting compound is ___________________, reducing NAD+to _________________ • Another CO2 is ______________, and the resulting compound is oxidized, reducing NAD+ to NADH • ADP is ___________________________ to _________ • Two hydrogen's are transferred to ______________ to form __________________ Kreb Cycle

13. Krebs Cycle Overview 1 Glucose= EACH _____________________ molecule produced in glycolysis (2) must enter the Krebs Cycle Therefore the cycle occurs ____________________ for every _____________________ molecule

14. Stage 4: ETC • _____________________________________: release the _______________________ they received during glycolysis and the Kreb’s cycle to ETC- ______________________ of the ETC transfer the electrons and use the energy released to pump _____________________ ions (protons) • Hydrogen ions (protons) are pumped from the _____________________ to the ___________________ space • Creates a _______________________ gradient

16. Stage 4: ETC Cont. • ____________________: final electron _________________ at the end of the ETC- oxygen accepts the electrons, combines with ___________ and becomes __________________ • The accumulated hydrogen ions (protons) diffuse back into the matrix through _________________________________- The energy released from the diffusion fuels the formation of _____________ (by pumping H+ ions into intermembrane space) • ETC: - __________________ delivers electrons continuously- __________________ delivers ____________________ energy electrons in different place than NADH (cannot pump as many H+ ions) • Electron Transport Chain animation • Electron Transport Chain • Electron Transport Chain

18. Stage 4 Cont: Chemiosmosis • H+ ions accumulate in ________________________ space from ETC- creates an _________________________ gradient • H+ ions (protons) move from intermembrane space to ___________________________________- energy in gradient forces them through • Energy ________________________ as H+ ions pass through = binds ADP with Pi to produce _________! • Energy removed from 1 NADH = ______ ATP’s; 1 FADH2 = ______ ATP’s Oxidative _________________________________: Because the energy needed to add the _______ group to ADP is derived from the ___________________ of a glucose molecule aka oxidative ATP synthesis

20. Final Points… • ATP is now sent to the _______________________ to be utilized by the cell • All stages are dependent on __________________ for the production of ____________________ • Last stages are dependent on the availability of _______________________ (from food– glucose) and _______________________