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Cellular Respiration

Cellular respiration is a catabolic, exergonic, oxygen-requiring process that converts glucose into energy (ATP) and water (H2O). It consists of glycolysis, grooming phase, Krebs cycle, and electron transport chain. This process occurs in both plants and animals.

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Cellular Respiration

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  1. Cellular Respiration

  2. glucose ATP Cellular Respiration • A catabolic, exergonic, oxygen (O2)requiring process that uses energyextracted from macromolecules (glucose) to produce energy (ATP)and water (H2O). C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy

  3. Question: • In what kinds organisms does cellular respiration take place?

  4. Plants and Animals • Plants - Autotrophs: self-producers. • Animals - Heterotrophs: consumers.

  5. Inner membrane space Matrix Cristae Outer membrane Inner membrane Mitochondria • Organelle where cellular respirationtakes place.

  6. Redox Reaction • Transfer of one or more electronsfrom one reactantto another. • Two types: 1. Oxidation 2. Reduction

  7. Oxidation glucose ATP Oxidation Reaction • The loss of electrons from a substance. • Or the gain of oxygen. C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy

  8. Reduction C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy glucose ATP Reduction Reaction • The gain of electrons to a substance. • Or the loss of oxygen.

  9. Breakdown of Cellular Respiration • Four main parts (reactions). 1. Glycolysis (splitting of sugar) a. cytosol, just outside of mitochondria. 2. Grooming Phase a. migration from cytosol to matrix.

  10. Breakdown of Cellular Respiration 3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) a. mitochondrial matrix 4. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and Oxidative Phosphorylation a. Also called Chemiosmosis b. inner mitochondrial membrane.

  11. 1. Glycolysis • Occurs in thecytosol just outside of mitochondria. • Two phases (10 steps): A. Energy investment phase a. Preparatory phase(first 5 steps). B. Energy yielding phase a. Energy payoff phase (second 5 steps).

  12. Glucose (6C) C-C-C-C-C-C 2ATP 2 ATP - used 0 ATP - produced 0 NADH - produced 2ADP + P C-C-C C-C-C Glyceraldehyde phosphate (2 - 3C) (G3P or GAP) 1. Glycolysis A. Energy Investment Phase:

  13. Glyceraldehyde phosphate (2 - 3C) (G3P or GAP) GAP GAP C-C-C C-C-C 4ADP + P 0 ATP - used 4 ATP - produced 2 NADH - produced 4ATP C-C-C C-C-C (PYR) (PYR) Pyruvate (2 - 3C) (PYR) 1. Glycolysis B. Energy Yielding Phase

  14. 1. Glycolysis • Total Net Yield 2 - 3C-Pyruvate (PYR) 2 - ATP (Substrate-level Phosphorylation) 2 - NADH

  15. Enzyme O- C=O C-O- CH2 Adenosine P P P Substrate ADP (PEP) O- C=O C=O CH2 Product (Pyruvate) Adenosine P P P ATP Substrate-Level Phosphorylation • ATP is formed when an enzyme transfers a phosphate groupfrom a substrate to ADP. Example: PEP to PYR

  16. Fermentation • Occurs in cytosol when “NO Oxygen”is present (called anaerobic). • Remember: glycolysis is part of fermentation. • Two Types: 1. Alcohol Fermentation 2. Lactic Acid Fermentation

  17. 2ADP + 2 2ATP C C C C CC P 2NADH 2 NAD+ C C C C C Glycolysis 2 Ethanol 2 Pyruvic acid 2CO2 released 2 NAD+ 2NADH glucose Alcohol Fermentation • Plants and Fungi  beer and wine

  18. Alcohol Fermentation • End Products: Alcohol fermentation 2 - ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation) 2 - CO2 2 - Ethanol’s

  19. 2ADP + 2 2ATP C C C C CC P 2NADH 2 NAD+ C C C C C C Glycolysis 2 Lactic acid 2 Pyruvic acid 2 NAD+ 2NADH Glucose Lactic Acid Fermentation • Animals (pain in muscle after a workout).

  20. Lactic Acid Fermentation • End Products: Lactic acid fermentation 2 - ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation) 2 - Lactic Acids

  21. Cytosol 2 CO2 C C C Matrix C-C 2 Pyruvate 2 NAD+ 2 Acetyl CoA 2NADH 2. Grooming Phase • Occurs when Oxygen is present (aerobic). • 2 Pyruvate (3C)molecules are transported through the mitochondria membraneto the matrix and is converted to 2 Acetyl CoA (2C)molecules.

  22. 2. Grooming Phase • End Products: grooming phase 2 - NADH 2 - CO2 2- Acetyl CoA (2C)

  23. Mitochondrial Matrix 3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) • Location:mitochondrial matrix. • Acetyl CoA (2C)bonds to Oxalacetic acid (4C - OAA)to make Citrate (6C). • It takes 2 turnsof the krebs cycle to oxidize1 glucosemolecule.

  24. 1 Acetyl CoA (2C) OAA (4C) Citrate (6C) Krebs Cycle 2 CO2 FADH2 (one turn) 3 NAD+ FAD 3 NADH ATP ADP + P 3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)

  25. 2 Acetyl CoA (2C) Citrate (6C) OAA (4C) Krebs Cycle 4 CO2 2 FADH2 (two turns) 6 NAD+ 2 FAD 6 NADH 2 ATP 2 ADP + P 3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)

  26. 3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) • Total net yield(2 turnsof krebs cycle) 1.2 - ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation) 2. 6 - NADH 3. 2 - FADH2 4. 4 - CO2

  27. Inner Mitochondrial Membrane 4. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) andOxidative Phosphorylation (Chemiosmosis) • Location:inner mitochondrial membrane. • Uses ETC (cytochrome proteins) and ATPSynthase(enzyme) to make ATP. • ETCpumps H+ (protons) across innermembrane (lowers pH in innermembrane space).

  28. 4. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) andOxidative Phosphorylation (Chemiosmosis) • TheH+then move via diffusion(Proton Motive Force) through ATP Synthase to make ATP. • All NADH and FADH2converted to ATP during this stage of cellular respiration. • Each NADH converts to 3 ATP. • Each FADH2 converts to 2 ATP (enters the ETC at a lower level than NADH).

  29. Inner membrane space Matrix Cristae Outer membrane Inner membrane 4. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) andOxidative Phosphorylation (Chemiosmosis)

  30. higher H+ concentration Intermembrane Space 1H+ 2H+ 3H+ ATP Synthase H+ Inner Mitochondrial Membrane E T C 2H+ + 1/2O2 ADP + ATP P H2O H+ NADH + H+ NAD+ (Proton Pumping) lower H+ concentration Matrix 4. ETC and Oxidative Phosphorylation (Chemiosmosis for NADH)

  31. higher H+ concentration Intermembrane Space 1H+ 2H+ ATP Synthase H+ Inner Mitochondrial Membrane E T C ADP + ATP P 2H+ + 1/2O2 H2O FADH2 + H+ FAD+ H+ (Proton Pumping) lower H+ concentration Matrix 4. ETC and Oxidative Phosphorylation (Chemiosmosis for FADH2)

  32. Electron Transport Chain Animation

  33. ATP TOTAL ATP YIELD 1. 04 ATP - substrate-level phosphorylation 2. 34 ATP - ETC & oxidative phosphorylation 38 ATP - TOTAL YIELD

  34. Eukaryotes(Have Membranes) • Total ATP Yield 02 ATP - glycolysis(substrate-level phosphorylation) 04 ATP - converted from 2 NADH - glycolysis 06 ATP- converted from 2 NADH - grooming phase 02 ATP - Krebs cycle (substrate-level phosphorylation) 18 ATP- converted from 6NADH - Krebs cycle 04 ATP - converted from 2 FADH2- Krebs cycle 36 ATP - TOTAL

  35. Glucose Cytosol Mitochondria Krebs Cycle Glycolysis 2 Acetyl CoA 2 Pyruvate 2NADH 2 ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation) 6NADH 2FADH2 2NADH ETC and Oxidative Phosphorylation 2 ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation) 2ATP 4ATP 6ATP 18ATP 4ATP 2ATP Maximum ATP Yield for Cellular Respiration (Eukaryotes) 36 ATP (maximum per glucose)

  36. Prokaryotes(Lack Membranes) • Total ATP Yield 02 ATP - glycolysis(substrate-level phosphorylation) 06ATP - converted from 2 NADH - glycolysis 06 ATP- converted from 2 NADH - grooming phase 02 ATP - Krebs cycle (substrate-level phosphorylation) 18 ATP- converted from 6NADH - Krebs cycle 04 ATP - converted from 2 FADH2- Krebs cycle 38 ATP - TOTAL

  37. Question: • In addition to glucose, what other various food molecules are use in Cellular Respiration?

  38. Catabolism of VariousFood Molecules • Other organic molecules used for fuel. 1. Carbohydrates: polysaccharides 2.Fats: glycerol’s and fatty acids 3. Proteins: amino acids

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