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Species Distributions

Species Distributions. Biogeography (ENVR333) 9/10 & 9/12 2007. As the environment changes, species adapt to a moving target that can affect competitive situations. Species Interactions Competition Coexistence Mututalism Commensalism Amensalism Parasitism Mimicry Predator-Prey

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Species Distributions

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  1. Species Distributions Biogeography (ENVR333) 9/10 & 9/12 2007

  2. As the environment changes, species adapt to a moving target that can affect competitive situations.

  3. Species Interactions Competition Coexistence Mututalism Commensalism Amensalism Parasitism Mimicry Predator-Prey Environmental Gradients Niches Species Distributions

  4. Competition • Interspecific competition • Intraspecific competition • Resource exploitation • Interference competition • Principle of Competitive Exclusion

  5. Competitive Exclusion Paramecium = single-celled, ciliated protozoan that feeds on bacteria.

  6. European starling

  7. Figure 4.4 MacDonald 2003

  8. Figure 4.5 MacDonald 2003

  9. Spatial niche partitioning

  10. Morphology: Oystercatchers stabber hammerer

  11. Morphology: Cichlids

  12. Mutualism: Ants and Aphids

  13. Mutualism: Lichenized Fungi

  14. Commensalism: Rhino birds

  15. Mutualism: Pollinators - Pollinated

  16. Mutualism: Jays and Oaks

  17. Commensalism: Epiphytes

  18. Commensalism: Epiphytes Forage lichens

  19. Commensalism: Epiphytes Cyanolichens (n-fixers)

  20. Commensalism: Clown Fish/Sea Anemone

  21. Commensalism: Hitchhiking Seeds Sweet Cisely

  22. Commensalism: Hitchhiking Seeds Burdock

  23. Allelopathy

  24. Micro Parasites

  25. Macro Parasites

  26. Batesian Mimicry

  27. Coral Snake Scarlet King Snake Batesian Mimicry red on yellow kill a fellow, red on black won’t hurt jack

  28. Batesian Mimicry From left to right are the Common Wasp, Vespula vulgaris, and some of its mimics - the Hornet Moth, Sesia apiformis, the Wasp Beetle, Clytus arietis, and the Hoverfly, Syrphus ribesii.

  29. Figure 4.1 MacDonald 2003

  30. Predator-Prey Relationships stenophagous Chalhill Blue Butterfly

  31. Predator-Prey Relationships

  32. Figure 4.2 MacDonald 2003

  33. Figure 4.3 MacDonald 2003

  34. Figure 4.7 MacDonald 2003

  35. Figure 4.9 MacDonald 2003

  36. Ecocline or Ecotype?

  37. Summary • Interactions: many and varied • Distributions: physical/biological factor • Role of gradients and niches • Not locked into place

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