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The Cold War

The Cold War. Russia, Europe, and the United States 1945-Present. “The Cold War” Outline. West vs East Division of Powers Spread of the Cold War Cuban Missile Crisis Vietnam The Powers Soviet Union/Eastern Europe North America/Western Europe End of the War Fall of the Soviet Union

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The Cold War

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  1. The Cold War Russia, Europe, and the United States 1945-Present

  2. “The Cold War” Outline • West vs East • Division of Powers • Spread of the Cold War • Cuban Missile Crisis • Vietnam • The Powers • Soviet Union/Eastern Europe • North America/Western Europe • End of the War • Fall of the Soviet Union • Future of Eastern Europe • North America and Western Europe • New Future of the West

  3. West vs East • West • Fears the spread of communism • Based on principles of Karl Marx • Trade and industry publicly owned (government), with each person working and being paid according to needs • Made up of U.S. and Western Europe • Motives • US wanted to maintain prestige after WWII • Wanted Eastern Europe to have choice in government • East • Fears the spread of capitalism • Private owners (citizens) control trade and industry • Made up of USSR and Eastern Europe • Motives • USSR did not want to give up control of Germany and Eastern Europe after WWII • Wanted Eastern Europe to be pro-Soviet, regardless of the want of the people

  4. Division of Powers • Rivalry in Europe (1947) • Truman Doctrine – US would give $$$ to nations threatened by communism • In response to fear of USSR interfering in Greece • Marshall Plan – US pledged $13 billion to European economic recovery • Fight USSR with $$$ • US adopts policy of containment to stop communism from spreading • Division of Germany • US, France, Great Britain vs Russia • Berlin (capital) in East (USSR territory), USSR tries to block all Western influence • Berlin Air Lift – combined effort of Western powers to provide food, supplies to West Berlin • Late 1949, Federal Republic of Germany set up in West, German Democratic Republic set up in east • FRG (West) creates new capital in Bonn

  5. Spread of the Cold War • New Alliances • 1949 – China becomes communist, USSR explodes atomic bomb • Mao Zedong pushes for communism in China (Great Leap Forward) • Arms race begins between US/USSR • 1949 – North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) – Alliance of West Europe and North America • 1955 – Warsaw Pact – Alliance of East Europe and USSR • East vs West Germany • 1961 – Berlin Wall created to prevent East Germans from escaping to West Germany • Nikita Krushchevin charge of USSR, creation of wall

  6. Exit Slip • In your opinion, what was the biggest factor in the US and USSR disagreeing with each other? • What was the purpose of the Truman Doctrine? The Marshall Plan?

  7. Korean War (1950-1953) • 1905-1945 – Korea owned by Japanese • 1945 – US, USSR decide to split Korea after defeat of Japan • Split at 38th parallel • North – USSR • South – US • By 1950, communism vs capitalism • June 1950 – North invades South • Pushed out by July • Chinese send large forces, push back to 38th parallel, where border is today • Armistice signed in 1953

  8. Cuban Missile Crisis (1959-1963) • Cuban Revolution • 1959 – Fidel Castro takes Cuba, supported by USSR • Now within 90 miles of US • Bay of Pigs Invasion • April 1961 – JFK’s planned invasion of Cuba • Failure of CIA to land Cuban exiles and take island back • Cuban Missile Crisis • USSR has weapons in Cuba • US understandably fears USSR weapons, but they also hold weapons in Turkey…BORDERING USSR • 1962 – US blockades Cuba to prevent Russian fleet from carrying weapons to them • “Your rockets are in Turkey. You are worried by Cuba…because it is 90 miles from the American coast. But Turkey is next to us.” – Krushchev • Does he have an argument?

  9. Vietnam (1959-1975) • Alliances • North – Soviets & East • South – US & West • U.S. Concerns • Domino Theory – If communists succeed in South Vietnam, other Asian nations would fall • The War • Starts out as light warfare, eventually draft issued and thousands serve • 1968 – Tet Offensive turns tide of war in favor of communists • 1969 – Conscription begins in US • Heavy protests, Americans not wanting to participate • Early 70s – Laos and Cambodia fall to Soviet forces • Despite more money and equipment, South falls to North in 1975 at Saigon

  10. Soviet Union/Eastern Europe • Stalin to Krushchev • Stalin (1922-1952) • Heavy industry pushed • Atom bomb in 1953 • Oppresses science, literature • Nikita Krushchev (‘53-’64) • Begins de-stalinization, science and lit. benefit • Sputnik I launches in ’57 • Lost job b/c of Cuban Missile Crisis • Behind the Iron Curtain • Communism forced from ‘45-’47 • Revolts take place, but Soviets able to squash them • Yugoslavia and Freedom Fighters only group to succeed

  11. Western Europe • Recovery • France • Charles de Gaulle created Fourth and Fifth Republics • Puts France on world stage, explodes 1st nuclear bomb in 1960 • West Germany • Konrad Adenauer chancellor • Post-war economic growth, “economic miracle” • Great Britain • Welfare state – gov’t takes responsibility for providing citizens with means to live • Bc of this, couldn’t maintain colonies, breaks apart empire • Unity • 1957 – European Economic Community created • Powerful trading bloc, or nations with a common purpose • Free trade (no tariffs) between nations

  12. North America • American Development • Period of economic boom after WWII • Sen. Joe McCarthy begins Red Scare – fear communists had infiltrated U.S. • 1954 – Brown v. Board of Education makes segregation illegal • Lyndon B. Johnson (1963-1969) pursues welfare state • Martin Luther King, Jr. leads civil rights movement, helps create Civil Rights Act in 1964 • Canada emerges as a power in North America • Help from American investment, desire to grow industry in country

  13. Exit Slip • List three ways Nikita Krushcev’s Russia differ from the Russia of Stalin. • How would you define the European Economic Community (EEC)? • Give an example of the change the United States was experiencing during the Cold War.

  14. Brezhnev Era in Russia • Leonid Brezhnev (1964-1982) • Followed Krushchev • Allowed détente, or relaxed relations between US/USSR • Struggles of the USSR • Brezhnev encouraged heavy industry • Leads to no incentive amongst farmers to do anything outside provide for themselves • Gov’t becomes corrupt by 70’s • Weak gov’t, weak economy, poor working conditions leading to weak Russia

  15. Fall of the Soviet Union • Rising/Falling Tension • 1979 – USSR invades Afghanistan, ruins relations • Pres. Carter removes US from ‘80 Olympics (Moscow) • 1980 – Reagan elected – US backs Afghans, begins new arms race with USSR • Gorbachev and a New USSR • 1985 – Mikhail Gorbachev takes power in USSR • Begins policy of glasnost (openness in discussion of public policy) and perestroika (restructuring of policy) • US & USSR both running up debt with military policy, choose to pull back on nuclear arms race • Gorbachev also ends aid to Communist gov’ts in Eastern Europe • Peaceful revolution sweeps Europe in ‘89, Same year elected legislature meets in USSR, Germany reunified in Oct. ‘90

  16. The New Russia • End of the Soviet Union • USSR included 92 ethnic groups and 112 different languages • Bc of release of grip by “Iron Fist” in Moscow, groups begin nationalist movements for independence • By the end of 1991, USSR had dissolved • Boris Yeltsin (‘91-’99) • Followed Gorbachev • Oversaw beginning of new Russian era • Vladimir Putin (’00-’08, ‘12-Present) • Continued economic moves forward • Most recently, Ukraine crisis (still ongoing)

  17. 3-2-1 Exit Slip • 3 Things you learned • 2 Things you found interesting • 1 Thing you still have questions about

  18. Eastern Europe – 80s-90s • Revolution • Gorbachev’s removal of funding to communist regimes means change • Poland, Czechoslovakia, Romania each experience change, removal of communism • Disintegration of Yugoslavia • Remained separate from USSR, despite being communist • 6 republics and 2 provinces made up nation, begin to call for independence in 1990 • Bloody revolution takes place against communist leader Josip Tito

  19. Western Europe – 80s-90s • France • Experienced a shift from socialist policy in 80s to conservatism in 90s • Germany • Willy Brandt, chancellor of West,signs a treaty with East in 1972 • New focus on building Germany, conservative groups brought to power • Great Britain • Faced constant fighting between Catholics and Protestants in Northern Ireland • Margaret Thatcher leader of GB during ‘80s • Thatcherism – Saw industrial zones prosper at the expense of non-industrialized areas of GB

  20. North America – 80s-90s • United States • At home, Reagan cut back on welfare state spending, using $$$ for military • Pushed budget deficit to 3x its amount in 70s • Succeeded by Bush Sr. and Clinton • Canada • Biggest issue is the fate of Quebec • People of Quebec wanted to secede, Canadian Supreme Court said “no” • Needed a unanimous decision

  21. New Future of the West • How have things changed in the following areas: • Technology? • Popular Culture? • Religion? • New concerns?

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