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The Cold War

Truman takes over. FDR

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The Cold War

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    1. The Cold War When did it truly start and was it inevitable?

    2. Truman takes over FDR—Brain hemorrhage First President in a long time-no college degree Became confident & cocky politician Cabinet—Missouri Gang-friends from senator days Stick to wrong decision to proved decisiveness

    3. Yalta: Broken Promises Big Three, Feb. 1945 Stalin pledged to allow representative governments in Poland, Bulgaria, & Romania Broken promises Stalin agreed to attack Japan 3 months after fall of Germany USSR granted control of Manchurian Railroads

    4. Trouble's In The Air—Can you feel it? Two New Super Powers U.S. Democratic Capitalist economy Free enterprise & privatization Wanted nations to have economic and political freedom U.S.S.R Socialist (Communists) Government controlled business Wanted a protective sphere around western Russia (attacked twice before)

    5. Postwar World Some of FDR’s open world structures were established Bretton Woods-meeting in New Hampshire 1944, Western Allies Established International Monetary Fund (IMF) Encourage world trade by regulating currency exchange rates United Nations– Charter in April 1945 Formed Security Council-five permanent powers (China, USSR, Brit., France, and USA) w/ veto powers Senate approved-89 to 2

    6. United Nations actions Established new Jewish state Israel UNESCO-Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization FAO (Food and Agricultural Organization) WHO (World Health Organization Bernard Baruch—1946 Wanted a veto free agency to investigate all nuclear facilities and weapons—USSR, “No Way!”

    7. What to do with Germany? Nuremberg Trials (1945-46) Severely punished 22 top culprits of Holocaust America knew Germany’s economic health was necessary for a European recovery but Russia wanted reparations SIGN OF COLD WAR Four occupational zones

    9. Problems early on Early on—spring 1945 Eastern Europe (Poland & Romania (Violated Yalta (free elections)—compliant gov’t) “I cannot avoid a feeling of resentment toward your informers…for such vile misrepresentation.” –FDR to Stalin

    10. Clashing Personalities

    11. Iron Curtain Speech Stalin…explained how Capitalism and Communism is on an collision course and Capitalism will be torn apart. (1946)

    12. Containment

    14. What resulted from the policy of containment? Truman Doctrine Marshall Plan NATO & NSC-68

    15. Truman Doctrine (1947) Eastern Mediterranean Turkey USSR pressure for Dardanelles –Bosporus- (Black Sea & Mediterranean) Greece Civil War—English aided conservative Monarchy vs. Communism *Police the Globe and intensify the Cold War

    16. Reaction to USSR Demands U.S. Congress passed Greek-Turkish aid bill, by 1950 ($659) Contain the maniacs…..hurry…there’s economic troubles in Europe and the communist party membership is growing……Don’t let it happen!

    17. Economic Containment Beliefs: Poor economies leads to political instability Italy & France large communist parties Solution: Marshall Plan (1948) George Marshall Money would permit “emergence of political and social conditions in which free institution can exist” 17 billion in 4years to 16 nations Helped for European Community (EC) Congress resisted at first (already $2 billion from UNRRA UN Relief and Rehabilitation Administration) But Soviet sponsored coup in Czechoslovakia encouraged them to approve it.

    19. U.S. Rearms 1947-National Security Act Created Department of Defense Pentagon & Secretary of Defense Created Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) Spying/fact finding 1948—National Broadcast-Voice of America & resurrected draft (Selective Service System) Increased individuals going into college (draft dodge)

    20. Cold War Problems 1946—U.S. and Great Britain joined forces in Germany Gave responsibilities to Germans By the summer of 1948 the Soviet Union believed that its postwar foreign policy was threatened--when the West indicated that it would reintegrate Germany into the Western community, Stalin blockaded the land and sea routes into Berlin (which was divided between East & West). The U.S. responded with an airlift. The blockade was lifted in May, 1949. Berlin Blockade 1948 No access to W. Berlin No food/supplies U.S. Airlift-year long

    22. Once economic Programs are secure…..There is a need for Military Containment North Atlantic Treaty Organization (1949) NATO 12 Nations, attack 1/attack all (Greece & Turkey joined in 1952, W. Germ 1955, Spain 1982) Integrated defense force for western Europe *U.S. 1st Military Treaty ties w/ Europe since Revolution

    24. The Cold War Intensifies…. Problems in 1949— LOST CHINA—Led to Second Red Scare in US USSR has Atomic Bombs Problems in Korea 1950— Solution- NSC-68 Conflict is unavoidable No Negotiations Increase Defense Spending (13billion to 50billion) CIA—Need Information (National Security Act 1947) 80% budget went to covert actions

    26. The Cold War intensifies It’s time to Test the Policy of Containment Korea Arms Race 1952-U.S. has Hydrogen Bombs USSR follows suit 1953

    27. THE COLD WAR WILL CONTINUE TO ANOTHER DAY…………..

    29. Read Truman’s concerns with Mac on page 85

    30. How it all started and the end to racist egotism Kim Il Sung's heavily armed and well-trained North Korean army crossed the 38th parallel In 3 days Seoul had fallen By the end of July, the North Koreans had pushed the U.N. forces to the southeast corner of the peninsula, where they dug in around the port of Pusan.

    31. From Defensive to Offensive Despite concerns of others—MacArthur’s Ichon Attach was successful Amphibious invasion of the port, near Seoul Able to recapture Seoul and cut supply lines Permission to move north of parallel Time to take it all-to the Yalu Wake Island Meeting on October 15, Truman and MacArthur discussed the situation MacArthur assured the president that "We are no longer fearful of their intervention,...if the Chinese tried to get down to Pyongyang there would be the greatest slaughter." By October the Chinese Army had already snuck into Korea by the Yalu River MacArthur assured the president that we’ll "get the boys home by Christmas." Major miscalculation

    32. The Opponents Read description of Chinese troops pg 101-102

    33. New War Back to a Stalemate of Death "all-out offensive" to the Yalu After the Chinese attached MacArthur said "We face an entirely new war." November 25. Roughly 180,000 Chinese troops successfully attacked and destroyed Walker’s troops in the west While 120,000 others practically destroyed the X Corps near the Chosin Reservoir. Weather was terrible—wind-chill factor 20-30 below, men had to urinate on their rifles to thaw them out Troops were pushed back and Seoul changed hands to N. Korea the U.N. retreat ended about 70 miles below Seoul.

    34. MVP: Mathew Bunker Ridgway “a twelfth-century knight with a twentieth-century brain.” --WestPoint contemporary Russell Reeder Old Iron Tits Visited every front-line unit with grenade pinned to on shoulder strap—thought he had two strapped on but the other was a medical kit (111) Figured out morale was low and poorly fed/clothed and too dependent on wheels Read last paragraph 111-112

    35. Stalemate "meat grinder" –How soldiers described their Slow movement North starting after the first of the year U.N. re-recaptured Seoul –last time it switched hands 3/15, and had patrols crossing the MacArthur continued to push for all out war, continued to be insubordinate “There is no substitute for victory” (114) Underestimated the Chinese, didn’t educate himself on Korean Tactics, & held Press releases that tipped off the Chinese for future attacks Read page 113-114 (last paragraph-first paragraph) Truman removed MacArthur from his position April 11.

    36. It still wasn’t over Stalemate Lasted for two more years ~ 2million more died Armistice on July 27, 1953. Despite the Cease Fire and armistice—38th parallel with a demilitarized zone accepted by Secretary of State Dean Acheson Fighting continued Truce not until July 1953—with IKE threat of atomic bomb Cost U.S. > 33,000 deaths & 103,000 wounded & missing South Korea lost-1million North Korea & China-1.5million

    37. Results of Korean War & Belief Stalin instigated it: Truman increased # of forces in NATO By 1952, 3x number in 1950 (> # in Korea) Increased his assistance to French Indochina Military Assistance Advisory Group Start of deepening involvement in Vietnam ALL OF WHICH INTENSIFIED THE COLD WAR

    38. The Cold War Continued… IKE-Present

    39. Eisenhower Elected in 1952

    40. IKE’S Sectary of State—John Foster Dulles Presbyterian Hated atheist communists Crusade to promote democracy ****Wanted more than Containment****

    41. Eisenhower’s Doctrine Relied on CIA U.S. marines –Beirut, Lebanon July-Oct 1958 Stability & new gov’t Fear of bankruptcy, due to attempt to create superior war power…WE need a “NEW LOOK” “Massive Retaliation” (1954) Stop Red tide but reduced military spending HOW? Now we have Hydrogen bombs “BALANCE OF TERROR” Rely on nuclear weapons in limited war situation Reduce expenditures on conventional forces “Go to the brink” of war “brinkmanship”—fears of nuclear disaster” Strategic Air Command (SAC) Air fleet & super bombers “MORE BANG FOR YOUR BUCK!”

    42. On the Brink of War

    43. Uses of Brinkmanship Korea-1953, halt further aggression w/ threat of atomic weapons Indochina-1954 U.S. aircraft carriers, South China Sea Deter Red China from attacking French Indochina and/or provide weapons

    45. Arms Race Sept 1949—Truman announced to the public that the Soviets had exploded an atomic device “Ever since atomic energy was first released by man, the eventual development of this new force by other nations was to be expected. This probability has always been taken into account by us” Problem—we believed the threat of the bomb prevented the Soviets from advancing Typical reaction to postwar—disarmament troops 12 million to 1.5million budge 90.9billion to 10.3 by 1947 “bring the boys back home” Truman wanted a trained reserve—all males 18-21 for 1 year and in the reserve Congress wasn’t interested Need for hydrogen bomb

    46. Fear of Russians having the ability “total power in the hands of total evil [which] will equal total destruction” -–by Senator Brien McMahon (Democrat on the Joint Committee on Atomic Energy, 36) Oppenheimer didn’t support he super “Hiroshima was a blunder and Nagasaki a crime.” It was hard to find scientist to work on the bomb but they found Lewis Strauss Show Atomic Café & Duck and Cover

    47. H Bomb, the super bomb, or the Super 1 million tons of TNT, all WWII only 3 million tons of TNT Atomic (fission) H bomb (fusion)— 500 atomic bombs to 1 H bomb “an immense gulf between the atomic and hydrogen bomb. The atomic bomb, with all its terrors, did not carry use outside the scope of human control or manageable events in thought or action in peace or war. --Churchill

    48. Is the Pot cooling OFF…? Geneva Summit Conference 1955 IKE & Khrushchev discussed disarmament & reunification of Germany—No agreement Open skies—NO WAY 1958—voluntarily suspended (both) atmospheric test of atomic weapons 1955-Germany added to NATO HOW DID THE USSR REACT? WARSAW PACT 1956 Khrushchev-denounces Stalin’s Actions But Hungarian Revolt—1956 Suez Crisis ***False cooling off, Poor Foreign Policy = failure of Massive Retaliation.

    52. IKE’s Domino Theory 1954- if Indochina fell, rest of Asia would Wanted British help, no, so IKE resisted French lost Geneva Accords-1954 Neutralize Laos, Cambodia, and divided Vietnam at 17th parallel French in South until elections in 1956 (reunification) Manila Defense Accord Dulles led meeting—SEATO (Southeast Asia Treaty Organization) Not like NATO, no common defense, act according to “constitutional practices” Pactomania”—critics, U.S. contracted to defend 43 countries Leader in South—Ngo Dinh Diem CIA trained troops No changes, unhappy, refused to join elections for reunification Guerrilla forces Viet Cong

    53. More Turmoil Space Race U-2 Incident Plan for Cuba

    57. JFK Watch The remarkable 20th Century 1960’s election of JFK & Cuba-Berlin Wall

    58. JFK & Bay of Pigs CIA already in the process of preparing 1500 anti-Castro Cubans for an invasion Poorly planned, executed In 2 days, >1000 captured NYT– US. “Looked like fools to our friends, rascals to our enemies & incompetent to the rest” Had to apologize and pay for the prisoner’s release

    59. Vienna Conference (Austria) JFK & Khrushchev Tense situation Berlin situation, threats Reactions JFK—called army reserves & National Guard Khrushchev—Created BERLIN WALL **SYMBOL OF THE COLD WAR**

    60. Cuban Missile Crisis (OCTOBER CRISIS) 1962, 90 miles off the coast of Florida Surveillance planes see missile sites under construction Executive Committee of the National Security Council (ECNS) Debate over what to do Blockade- ~QUARANTINE~ Brink of War Withdrawal for pledge from US, not to invade Cuba, secretly remove missiles in Turkey

    61. Results of the Cuban Missile Crisis Relaxation in Fears Sell surplus wheat to USSR “Hotline” direct access Moscow to WA 1963- stop arms testing in atmosphere “A journey of 1,000 miles begins with one step”—JFK quoted Confucious

    70. Vietnam—to be discussed more with Mr. Cheap next week HOMEWORK What was occurring domestically during the 1950’s in response to the Cold War? Compare and contrast the Red Scares (create a table) Read pp. 40-48 in The Fifties (Halberstam’s) Who was the spy in question? What did he do? How did it impact the Cold War Battle

    72. Vietnam Vietnam-French Colony Ho Chi Minh, tried to convince Wilson to help Vietnamese against French (No, interested in Europe so he turned to communists) Viet Mihn controlled North (Democratic Republic of Vietnam, Hanoi-capital) 1946 French recognized north as “free state” w/in French Colony Short peace-First Indochina War Ho Chi Minh-assisted by China & USSR After Korean war U.S. money increased dramatically 1953 U.S. paying 2/3 cost March 1954-French trapped by Viet Mihn, (Vietnamese League for Independence-Nationalists) guerilla forces at Dienbienphu French requested U.S. air strikes

    74. Vietnam during JFK’s Presidency Diem refused to may social & economic reforms Buddhists-burning 1963 Diem killed

    75. Johnson & Vietnam 1964-Gulf of Tonkin Incident—American destroyers “attached” no evidence 1964—Gulf of Tonkin Resolution “all means necessary” Ho Chi Mihn Trail through Laos provides supplies to Viet Cong in South 1965-U.S. air strikes & land troops arrive “Rolling thunder” Little effect on supply (Ho Chi Mihn Trail) 1965 184,000 troops, by 1966 385,000 troops Problem—political war, president controlled “They canted even bomb an outhouse w/o my approval” --Johnson Ho Chi Minh, “ You can kill ten of my men for every one I kill of yours, but even at those odds, you will lose and I will win.” Turning Point 1968—Tet Offensive (first day of Vietnamese New Year) North called Holiday truce, but surprise attacks Lost—numbers wise but psychological victory for north Critics, Time, Newsweek, Walter Cronkite, war wasn’t winnable Popularity declined to 35% “I shall not seek, and I will not accept, the nomination fo my party for another term as your president.” Quest for victory in Vietnam over

    76. Nixon Nixon elected “His assistant for national security affairs—Henry Kissinger, “peace with honor” “Vietnamize” the conflict Provide equipment and training By 1973—only 50,000 American troops 1969—Nixon secret bombing of Cambodia Operation Menu, 14 months 100,000 tons (4x that on Japan WWII) 1969 My Lai Incident Army Lieutenant William Cally Ordered murder of 200 civilians in Village 1968 Cambodia Incursion (1970) 1971—Pentagon Papers New York Times, former official, Ellsberg Said Congress/public didn’t know the whole story over Gulf of Tonkin Elections 1972— Peace in Paris, Kissinger stated one week before election, “Peace is at hand” Talks broke down, “Christmas bombings”—B-52 raids at Hanoi “jugular diplomacy” 1973—Cease fire, left several 1000s missing in action Few months fighting resumed 1975—full invasion, South asked for help U.S. said, “No”

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