Social Movements 1820’s-1840’s

1. Social Movements 1820’s-1840’s

2. Waves of religious excitement separated by long periods of religious calm • 1740s: FIRST GREAT AWAKENING • 1800-1850;s: SECOND GREAT AWAKENING • Enthusiasm; controversy; religious experiment. • Christian Perfectionism • Belief that salvation can lead to a sinless life: “heaven on earth” • Millennialism • Christ’s return to earth will begin a thousand year reign 2nd Great Awakening

3. Religion began to influence other ideals such as freedom from cruelty of war, discrimination, intoxicated drinking, and slavery • Idealistic religion on a utopian socialism, moral reform, and other ideas came to Christianity 2nd Great Awakening

4. Are people free to re-invent Religion? • William Ellery Channing developed concept of Unitarian Faith • Ralph Waldo Emerson became a Unitarian UNITARIANISM: • Rejects “Trinity” (insists on “Unitary” God) • Rejects Jesus’ “divinity” • Rejects Centrality of Jesus’ Crucifixion & Resurrection • Belief was in free will and possibility of salvation through good works • Insists on right of individual to mold his or her own religion UNITARIANS

5. Second Great Awakening widened lines between class and region • Episcopalians, Presbyterians, Congregationalists, and Unitarians --> Wealthy classes and better-educated • Big Boundary between Northern Protestants, Methodists, and Baptists; and Southern Protestants, Methodists, and Baptists. • This split between North and Southern Faith and ideals in religion was considered the first sign of splitting. Later followed by a split in politics and the Union. • Protestants encouraged increase in educational learning and also importance of education in every household • Most importantly led to a moral reform movements, especially in the North Divisiveness Caused by the Second Great Awakening

6. Who were they? • Intellectuals • Primarily from New England • Middle class • What did they believe? • Individualism • Self-reliance • Dissent • Non-conformity • “transcend” to the ideal world of reality • Anti-industrialism • Prominent Transcendentalists • Ralph Waldo Emerson • Henry David Thoreau • Walt Whitman • Nathaniel Hawthorne • Herman Melville • Edgar Allen Poe • Emily Dickenson • Margaret Fuller Transcendentalists

7. Ralph Waldo Emerson • “behind the concrete world we can transcend to the ideal world of reality” Transcendentalists

8. Henry David Thoreau • Live life simply • Chronicled his experiences in Walden Transcendentalists

9. Walt Whitman Emily Dickinson Edgar Allen Poe Transcendentalists The poets

10. Nathaniel Hawthorne Herman Melville Transcendentalists The novelists

11. Margaret Fuller • Believed in transcendentalism for all • Early advocate for women’s rights Transcendentalists

12. Who were they? • Transcendentalists looking for the perfect society • What did they believe? • Communal societies • Each person contributes • Agricultural communities • Resources went to the group • Generally religious in nature • Education was important • Wanted to live life their way • Some of the most prominent utopias • Brook Farm, Massachusetts • Oneida, New York • Also included some religious groups • Shakers • Mormons UTOPIANS

13. Oneida Complex

15. Oneida Community

16. George Ripley’s Transcendentalist Commune

17. Pacificism • Celibacy • Work • Dance • Song • Collective Ownership Shaker Beliefs and Practicesfrom Mother Ann Lee

18. Mother Ann Lee

19. Shaker Communities

20. 1830- Joseph Smith, a visionary, reported an encounter with an angel • Deciphered the Book of Mormon from golden plates given to him • Founded the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints • Had leaders that were dedicated to free enterprise • Voted as a unit and produced their own militia • Moved from New York to Ohio • Intended to build “Zion” in western Missouri • Expelled from Missouri to Nauvoo, Illinois • Joseph Smith arrested; executed by mob • Brigham Young becomes the leader • Polygamy became a problem for the LDS • Movement to Utah - use of irrigation system in desert of Utah Mormonism

21. Joseph Smith Brigham Young Mormon leaders

22. Zion in the Wilderness • Petitioned for territory of “Deseret” • Granted Utah Territory • Had to renounce polygamy to earn statehood • Successful due to unity and leadership Great Mormon Trek

23. Named after William Miller, self-taught Bible Scholar • Interpreted the Bible to mean that Christ would return to earth on October 22, 1843. • Called the “Great Disappointment” • The failure of Jesus to descend on schedule dampened but did not destroy the movement. • Determined the event happened in heaven not on earth • Seventh Day Adventists Millerites

26. Women pursued rights for themselves and others • Issues • Property ownership • Custodial rights • Marriage/Divorce rights • Legal rights in court • Suffrage • Other issues • Treatment of the less fortunate • Temperance • Slavery Women’s Movement

27. Dorothea Dix

28. The seneca falls convention

29. Organized by Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton • Held in 1848 in Seneca Falls, New York • Advocated equality in • Family • Education • Jobs • Religion • Morals • Issued a “Declaration of Sentiments” (modeled after the Declaration of Independence) The seneca falls convention

30. Advocated • Women’s suffrage • Temperance • Abolition of slavery SUSAN B. ANTHONY

31. Social movement against the use of alcohol • American Temperance Society formed in 1826 • Felt it violated religion and morality • Was almost exclusively a Protestant issue (not Catholic) Temperance

32. What does this cartoon mean?

33. What does this cartoon mean?

34. What does this cartoon mean?

35. What does this cartoon mean?

36. What does this cartoon mean?

37. What does this cartoon mean?

38. Dehumanization of industrialism vs. utopian ideals

39. How are women’s roles changing and how does it impact society?