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Chapter 12

Chapter 12. A New National Identity (1812-1840). Chapter 12 A New National Identity (1812-1840). Section 1 The Rise of Nationalism. The Era of Good Feelings. Period of time following the War of 1812 James Monroe (Republican) elected in 1816 Won re-election in 1820 (ran unopposed)

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Chapter 12

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  1. Chapter 12 A New National Identity (1812-1840)

  2. Chapter 12 A New National Identity (1812-1840) Section 1 The Rise of Nationalism

  3. The Era of Good Feelings • Period of time following the War of 1812 • James Monroe (Republican) elected in 1816 • Won re-election in 1820 (ran unopposed) • Monroe’s Secretary of State was John Quincy Adams

  4. Rush-Bagot Agreement • U.S. and British Canada disagreed over control of the waterways along their borders • b/c both wanted to maintain navies and fishing rights on the Great Lakes • Rush-Bagot Agreement – limited naval power on the Great Lakes for both countries

  5. The Issue of Florida • Dispute involving U.S. border w/ Spanish Florida • Sec. of State J.Q. Adams spoke to Luis de Onis about allowing Amer. settlers into Florida • Meanwhile, Pres. Monroe sent Gen. Andrew Jackson to secure the border

  6. The Issue of Florida (continued) • First Seminole War • began when Jackson’s troops invaded Florida w/out Pres. Monroe’s authorization. • Jackson fought Seminole & the Spanish. Jackson’s presence convinced Spain to sign treaty • Adams-Onis Treaty (1819) • Spain gave Florida to U.S. • U.S. gave up claims to present day TX & gave Spain $ 5 million.

  7. The Monroe Doctrine • Latin America rebelling against Spain. • U.S. sympathized b/c the rebellions reminded U.S. of the Amer. Revolution. • Monroe Doctrine Issued • Basically told European powers to stay out of the Western hemisphere. • It protected Latin Amer. govts. from European powers. • Also, that U.S. would view any interference by Europe as a hostile act.

  8. Chapter 12 A New National Identity (1812-1840) Section 2 Expansion and Improvements

  9. The Missouri Compromise • Major regional conflict over Missouri’s application for admission into the Union (1819) • Pro-slavery leaders in Missouri wanted to join the nation as a slave state • U.S. already had 11 free states & 11 slave states • Due to the North’s population, they controlled the House of Representatives. Slave states in 1819 had equal power in the Senate & less power in the House. • Northern reps in the House passed legislative amendment accepting Missouri as a slave state with restrictions • Importing slaves into Missouri = illegal • Children of Missouri slaves set free • Proposed limits on slavery angered southern politicians

  10. The Missouri Compromise (1820) • Henry Clay, helped Congress reach the MO Compromise – 3 main conditions: • MO would enter as a slave state • Maine would join as a free state • Slavery would be prohibited in any new territories or states formed north of 36°30’ latitude –MO’s new southern border

  11. The Missouri Compromise (continued) • Congress passed the Missouri Compromise in 1820 • Maine = state, March 15, 1820 • Missouri = state, August 10, 1820 • Clay earned nickname “Great Pacificator” (peacemaker)

  12. Internal Improvements • Henry Clay believed strong national economy would prevent regional conflicts • wanted protective tariff • Use tariff money to improve roads and canals • Clay’s plan – American System (raise protective tariffs, use money for improvements) • Believed internal improvements would make trade easier and connect regions of the country • Received little support to expand funding of roads, canals, & education. • Some Congressmen against b/c didn’t believe Constitution allowed the fed. govt. to spend money on internal improvements

  13. New Roads and Canals • Cumberland Road–1st road built by the fed. govt. • National Road- Extended Cumberland Road to OH by 1833, & to IL by 1850 • Water transportation was quicker, easier and cheaper than overland • Many areas of country did not have rivers to connect them to other towns • Lack of rivers caused canal building to increase dramatically in the Northeast

  14. New Roads and Canals (continued) • Largest Canal project: Erie Canal – ran from Albany to Buffalo NY. • Paid for by taxpayers of New York • Great for trade.

  15. The Election of 1824 • J. Q. Adams, Andrew Jackson, running for president as Republicans. • Election of 1824 showed many regional differences • Neither won majority vote so House had to chose. • Henry Clay influenced the vote by backing Adams. • Adam’s won • Jackson’s supporters claimed Adams had made a “corrupt bargain” with Clay; accusations increased after Adams chose Clay to be his secretary of state • Controversy weakened Pres. Adams’s congressional and public support • Had little support when asking for federal money for canals, education, roads, and scientific research

  16. Life under James Monroe and John Quincy Adams: The Monroe Doctrine and the Missouri Compromise

  17. Chapter 12 A New National Identity (1812-1840) Section 3 The Age of Jackson

  18. Jacksonian Democracy • Expanding Democracy under Andrew Jackson • More white men gained voting rights b/c many states no longer said you had to own land to vote. • Political parties started having public nominating conventions to select pres. & V.P. candidates. • Expanded voting rights and conventions = more people involved in politics

  19. Election of 1828, New Parties. • Adams vs. Jackson (VP John Calhoun) • Jackson’s supporters formed Democratic Party • mostly farmers, frontier settlers, and southern slaveholders • Adams supporters formed The National Republican Party.

  20. Election of 1828 • 1828 campaign focused on candidates’ personalities • Jackson won • Supporters felt it was a victory for the common people

  21. Jackson’s Presidency • Jackson rewarded supporters w/ govt. jobs AKA: the spoils system • Sec. of State: Martin Van Buren

  22. Conflict over Tariffs • North: supported. Tariffs would protect industries by making it cheaper to buy American. • South: against b/c region had little industry & relied heavily on foreign goods. • 1828 Tariff. North pressured Congress to pass this high tariff. South called it the Tariff of Abominations

  23. The Nullification Crisis • V.P. John C. Calhoun supports states rights. • 1832 Tariff again raised tariffs. • SC refused to abide by it. • They supported states rights. Means power of fed. govt. limited by the Constitution. • Calhoun agreed that states had the right to nullify, or cancel, any fed. law they considered unconstitutional. • Calhoun resigned the V.P. over it. Jackson against nullification

  24. The Nullification Crisis (continued) • Calhoun resigned as vice president in support of his home state • Jackson strongly against nullification • 2 sides reached a compromise – Congress agreed to lower tariffs little by little over several years, SC leaders agreed to enforce the tariff law (still believed nullification was legal)

  25. McCulloch v. Maryland (MD) • Several states, like MD, passed laws taxing branches of the national bank • Chief Justice John Marshall ruled • Elastic clause of the constitution allowed Congress to est. the bank • Fed. law superior to state law – this challenged the idea of states’ rights • Ruling meant that MD could not tax the bank

  26. The Second Bank of the United States • Nicholas Biddle (director of the Bank) – pushed for a bill to renew the Bank’s charter in 1832 (instead of 1836 when it expired) • Jackson vetoed legislation to renew the 2nd Bank of the U.S.’s charter b/c he believed it too powerful.

  27. The 2nd B.U.S. (continued) • Jackson weakened Bank’s power by moving most of its funds to state banks (called pet banks by his opponents) • The state banks’ practice of giving credit to buy land resulted in westward expansion & inflation • Jackson tried to slow inflation • Ordered Americans to use only gold or silver, instead of bank notes to buy government owned land • Did not help national economy

  28. Election of 1836 • Whig Party – formed by Jackson’s opponents in 1834 • Supported the idea of a weak president and a strong legislature • With Jackson’s support, Van Buren won the election

  29. Panic of 1837 • Occurred shortly after Van Buren took office • led to economic depression • Caused by policies of state banks & Jackson’s plan to curb inflation • However, Van Buren took the blame for it

  30. Election of 1840 • 1840 election – Van Buren vs. William Henry Harrison (Whig) • Harrison – general from Battle of Tippecanoe • Whigs’ emphasis on war record and log-cabin roots made Harrison seem similar to Jackson • Harrison won electoral college in a landslide (234 to 60)

  31. Chapter 12 A New National Identity (1812-1840) Section 4 Indian Removal

  32. The Black Hawk War • Started b/c Fed. govt. ordered removal of Indians in IL. • Black Hawk (Sauk leader) & followers ignored the removal policy – rejected idea of land ownership • Indian groups began raiding Americansettlements and attacking U.S. troops • The Sauk fought until they ran out of supplies • August 1832 – Black Hawk surrendered, gave up leadership of the Sauk • By 1850, U.S. army had removed American Indians living within the old Northwest Territory

  33. The Indian Removal Act • Passed so land in Southeast could be farmed. • Removed Indians who lived east of the MS river. • Indian Territory –present day OK • Bureau of Indian Affairs was created by Congress to oversee fed. policy toward Indians • The Choctaw of MS & western AL were the 1st to be removed to Indian Territory (1830) • Chickasaw were primarily in MS before they were moved 1837 – 1838

  34. The Cherokee Nation • Adopted white culture and formed govt. like the U.S. • Thought this would prevent conflicts w/ whites. • Sequoya developed writing system for Cherokee language.

  35. The Trail of Tears • After gold was found on Cherokee land (in GA), the militia began attacking them. • Tribe sued GA saying that they were an independent nation, & the govt. of GA had no authority over them. • Chief Justice John Marshall, agreed w/ the Cherokee (Worcester v. Georgia) • Only the federal government, not the states, had authority over the Cherokee • Declared Georgia’s actions illegal • GA ignored Court’s ruling, Pres. Jackson took no action

  36. Trail of Tears (continued) • Trail of tears Winter 1838-1839, 800 mile forced march. ¼ of Cherokee died. • Georgia took businesses, farms and property

  37. The 2nd Seminole War • Seminole leaders made to sign treaty saying they will leave FL w/in 3 yrs (1832) • Seminole ignored the treaty and refused to leave • Seminole Osceola organized an armed resistance to the forced removal of the Seminole from Florida • After spending millions of dollars, U.S. officials decided to give up the fight

  38. Chapter 12A New National Identity (1812-1840) Section 5 American Culture

  39. Washington Irving, American writer who gained respect in Europe • Rip Van Winkle, The Legend of Sleepy Hollow • James Fenimore Cooper popularized Amer. historical fiction • The Pioneers (1823); The Last of the Mohicans • Catharine Maria Sedgwick was the most successful female author of her time • unmarried woman who challenged commonly held ideas about women

  40. Cover in 1905

  41. Hudson River school (not an actual school) • Leader = Thomas Cole • group of artists who painted landscapes; • Hudson River valley = subject of many of their paintings

  42. Thomas Cole, Return

  43. Thomas Cole.Falls of Kaaterskill. 1826. Oil on canvas.

  44. Kindred 1849Asher Durand

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