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Comparative theories relevant to Tunisia, Egypt, & beyond

Comparative theories relevant to Tunisia, Egypt, & beyond. Tunisia Jan. 12. Egypt Jan. 25. Japan’s Development in Comparative Perspective. Japan was “ relatively backward ” in 19 th C Tokugawa Period (1600s – mid-1800s) Parallels to 15 th C England Agricultural economy

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Comparative theories relevant to Tunisia, Egypt, & beyond

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  1. Comparative theories relevant to Tunisia, Egypt, & beyond Tunisia Jan. 12 Egypt Jan. 25

  2. Japan’s Development in Comparative Perspective • Japan was “relatively backward” in 19th C • Tokugawa Period (1600s – mid-1800s) • Parallels to 15th C England • Agricultural economy • Hereditary ruling class • Emperor

  3. Japan Faces Threat from West • Threat from West during Tokugawa • US—Commodore Perry’s “black ships” (1853) • Results in limitations on Japan’s sovereignty • unequal treaties, “extra-territoriality,” limits on tariff authority 3

  4. Japan Faces Threat from West • U.S. Commodore Perry: 2 perspectives

  5. Japan’s Development in Comparative Perspective • Japan succeeds in “catching up” • Defeats China in Sino-Japanese War (1894-5) • Colonizes Taiwan (1895-1945)

  6. Japan’s Development in Comparative Perspective • Japan succeeds in “catching up” • Defeats Russia in Russo-Japanese War (1904-5) • Defeats European power Russo-Japanese War, 1904-5

  7. Japan’s Development in Comparative Perspective • Japan succeeds in “catching up” • Colonizes Korea (1910-1945) • Launches expansion throughout Asia Japanese colonial building in Korea Japanese invasion of Hong Kong

  8. Japan’s Development in Comparative Perspective • How did Japan “catch up”? • What factors would Gerschenkron consider? • What would Gerschenkron predict?

  9. Economic Development in Japan, pre-WW II • “Meiji Restoration,” 1868 • Group of reformers overthrew Tokugawa regime • Acted in name of emperor • Hence “restoration” 9

  10. Economic Development in Japan, pre-WWII • Meiji Restoration • Central role for state in economy, initially (1870s) • Which sectors?

  11. Economic Development in Japan, pre-WWII • Meiji Restoration • Central role for state in economy, initially (1870s) • Which sectors? • Military related • Weapons • Shipbuilding

  12. Economic Development in Japan, pre-WWII • Meiji Restoration • Central role for state in economy, initially (1870s) • Which sectors? • Military related • Weapons • Shipbuilding • Even textiles

  13. Economic Development in Japan, pre-WW II Meiji Restoration Video: http://www.pacificcentury.org/meiji6.html Relate to Gerschenkron 13

  14. Economic Development in Japan, pre-WW II “Meiji Restoration” Video Relate to Gerschenkron Global technological frontier Role for state Speed 14

  15. Economic Development in Japan, pre-WW II Meiji Restoration State struggles to develop through state ownership State ownership  private ownership State assets sold to private firms on favorable terms 15

  16. Economic Development in Japan, pre-WW II • Meiji Restoration • Zaibatsu (late 19th C – early 20th C) • Under state guidance • Large family-controlled firms • Combined banking & industry • Examples • Mitsubishi • Mitsui • Sumitomo • Yasuda Mitsubishi 16

  17. Economic development in Japan pre-World War II Government bureaucrats “guided” zaibatsu Used government policy tools Subsidies Low interest-rate loans Tax breaks Tariff protection 17

  18. Economic development in Japan pre-World War II • Government bureaucrats “guided” zaibatsu • Used government policy tools • Subsidies • Low interest-rate loans • Tax breaks • Tariff protection •  Targeted specific industries • Textiles (silk) • Steel manufacturing • Chemical production • Ship-building Spinning factory in Osaka Mitsubishi shipyard in Nagasaki, 1885 18

  19. Economic development in Japan pre-World War II Rapid economic development in Japan Depends on extensive foreign trade Seeks raw materials, markets, outlets for investment 19

  20. Japan moves into“core” Could dependency theory explain Japan’s move into the core?

  21. Japan moves into“core” Japan as a member of the core Colonizes Taiwan (1895), Korea (1910) Attempts domination of Asia (1930s) Seeks raw materials, markets, outlets for investment Taiwan Rice, sugar Korea Iron ore

  22. Japan as a member of the core Japan as a member of the core “Greater East Asia ‘Co-Prosperity’ Sphere” Japan’s approach to colonial rule Japanese colonial administration coercive Staffed by Japanese Penetrated beyond “transnational kernel” to hinterland Benefited zaibatsu Mitsubishi, Mitsui Tripled their assets 1930-40

  23. Nature of Japanese System, Post-WW II: Johnson reading • What are the elements of the capitalist developmental state model, according to Johnson?

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