Present Perfect

1. Present Perfect Grammar Guide mgr Anna Waligórska – Kotfas PWSZ Konin

2. Verb Form • We form the present perfect simple with HAVE / HAS +PAST PARTICIPLE(v+ed/3f) There has been a serious decline in the number of people qualifying as teachers. HasSarahfinished the new brochure yet?

3. Verb Form • We usually contract HAS/HAVE in speech and informal writing: The film’s already started – we’d better hurry. We’ve done shopping. • In negative sentences, we usually contract NOT in speech and informal writing: I’ve been to the shops today and they haven’t started the summer sales yet. She hasn’t been to New York.

4. Verb Form – Practice  Bill has seen her before.  y/n?   wh-?

5. Verb Form – Practice  Bill has seen her before.  Bill hasn’t seen her before. y/n? Has he seen her before?  Yes, he has.  No, he hasn’t. wh-? Who has he seen before? BUT: When did he see her?

6. Use: Past Connected with Present • We can use the present perfect to say that a finished action or event is connected with the present in some way I’ve broken my leg.(= My leg is broken.) All the wars in history have taught us nothing.(=We know nothing.) Cartoon

7. Use: Past Connected with Present • More examples: Mark has cleaned his shoes. (=They are clean.) The manor house has stood on this spot for over two hundred years. (=It is still here.) The avalanche has devastated the skiing industry in the area. (result = the skiing industry is still having big problems) Ms Brown has arrived. She’s in the staff room and is ready to see you now.

8. Use: Past Connected with Present • Compare these two sentences: John Grisham has written some of the most successful legal thrillers. Agatha Christie wrote a huge number of thrillers. In the first example the author is still alive and is able to write more successful books; in the second the author is dead and therefore can’t write any more books.

9. Use: Past Connected with Present • We also use the present perfect to talk about actions which happened in the past but may happen again in the future. The period of time in which the action took place is unfinished, so it may be repeated. The action may have happened only once: I’ve only been to Hong Kong once, but I’d love to go again. (=My life is still continuing, so I may go to Hong Kong again.)

10. Use: Past Connected with Present • Or it may have happened several times (i.e. a repeated action): NASA has sent probes to various planets in the solar system. (= when they did it is not important and they may send more) • Sometimes we know the time is not ‘finished’ because of the time phrases we use: This channel has shown about four wildlife documentaries this week!

11. Use: Experiences • We often use the present perfect with indefinite time adverbsever / before / never that mean at some/any time up to now: Have you ever seen a ghost? Have you ever been to the US? I’m sure we’ve met before. She has eaten snails once. We have never flown in a helicopter. I have never experienced any racism in athletics.

12. Use: For • We often use the prepositions: FOR (+ period of time) My family has lived in this country for over twenty years. The centre of the island has not been inhabited for fifty years. 10 10 10 10 10

13. Use: Since • We often use the prepositions: SINCE (+ point in time) The centre of the island has not been inhabited since (the earthquake of) 1952. My family has lived in this country since 1978. 1978 PAST PRESENT

14. Use: Since • When we use it as a conjunction, we usually use the past simple after it: You’ve been really moody ever since that letter arrived. What’s wrong? I have had a car since 2003. I got it from my dad. 2003 My dad gave me a car.

15. Use: So Far / Still • Someadverbs are commonly used with the present perfect: so far / still / lately / recently We’ve received over 20,000 entries for the competition so far. We still haven’t painted the room. Have you seen any good films recently? I have been really busy lately.

16. Use: Already / Just • We use already / just with the affirmative sentences We’ve already seen the film. (= już) The wedding of Paul McCartney and Heather Mills has just taken place in Ireland. (= właśnie) ‘I’ve just made a nice pot of tea. Would you like a cup?’ ‘No, thanks. I have already had one.’ • Note the word order: have/has +ALREADY + 3f JUST

17. Use: Yet • We use yet with the negative and in questions: They haven’t read this book yet. (= jeszcze) ‘Have they announced the date yet?’ ‘No, they still haven’t made up their minds.(= już) • Note the word order: at the end of a sentence

18. Use: With Superlatives • We use the present perfect after • superlatives, e.g. the best/worst, the greatest, • ordinal numbers, e.g. the first (second, third), the only, often followed by ever: It’s the worst sports programme I have ever seen and the first I have ever written to complain about! Many people consider Kennedy to be the greatest President the USA has had.

19. beencan be used to describe completed journeys. So if you have been to England twice, you have travelled there and back twice. I've been to Africa, but I've never been to Asia. (= you are back in Poland, anyway ) If you have gone to England, you have not yet returned. She’s gone to the bank. She should be back in half an hour. Use: been vs. gone

20. Present Perfect vs. Past Simple • Present perfect:unfinished state/action Spain has governed the enclave of Ceuta since 1580. • Past simple:finished state/action Spain governed the state of Western Sahara from 1958 to 1976.

21. Present Perfect vs. Past Simple • Present perfect:unfinished time I haven't seen Keith this morning yet. (It's still morning.) • Past simple:finished time I didn't see Keith all this morning. (It's now afternoon/evening.)

22. Present Perfect vs. Past Simple • Present perfect:present relevance The Indian Government has imposed a ban on tiger hunting to prevent the extinction of tigers. • Past simple:no present relevance The Indian Government imposed a ban on tiger hunting a few years ago.

23. Present Perfect vs. Past Simple • Present perfect:present relevance ‘How long have you had your car?’ ‘Since 2000.’(= you stillown a car) • Past simple:no present relevance ‘When did you buy your car?’ ‘In 2000.’(= finished action in the past)

24. Present Perfect vs. Past Simple • Present perfect:indefinite time I've beentoWashington twice. • Past simple:definite time I went to Washington in 1999 and then I wasin Washingtonin 2000.

25. Past Simple vs. Present Perfect action result Past Present Simple PastPresent Perfect in 2008 just / already / yet last year for two years / since August a month ago recently / lately

26. Although it is quite difficult to grasp, try to use PRESENT PERFECT correctly. 

27. Activity Look at the pictures and write questions. • Have you ever worked in a restaurant? • Have you ever spoken English on the phone? • Have you ever driven a tractor? • Have you ever been to Africa? • Have you ever done yoga?

28. beat – beat – beaten • draw – drew – drawn • fly – flew – flown • shake – shook – shaken • shoot – shot – shot • show – showed – shown • stand – stood – stood • steal – stole – stolen • teach – taught – taught • throw – threw – thrown

29. sing/in public find/money have /hangover get drunk/party shake hands/someone famous meet/someone famous drink/goat’s milk say/something you regret sell/a car shoot/a goal sit in a waiting room/more than 3 hours beat up/someone stand in line/more than 3 hours tell/a secret to a friend decide/to break up with someone win/the lottery build/a model draw/a cartoon drive / for more than 8 hours keep / diary fall / more than 10 feet break / promise fly / to Hong Kong leave a class / early forget to do something important lose / something valuable grow / your own vegetables spend / more than 1,000 zloty at once be / to Paris know / a politician bring a pet / school see / the sunrise catch / a fish show someone around your town steal / gum teach / anything throw / a party Activity: Have you ever … ?Choose seven phrases and write the correct questions

30. A: Have you ever done yoga? B: () Yes, I have.B: () No, I haven’t. A: () So have I. A: () Nor have I. A: () I haven’t. A: () I have.

31. Activity: Have you ever … ? • Ask a question, note down the name and mark the answer, change partner to ask another question Have you ever broken a promise? Zuzia:  Have you ever had a hangover? Paweł: 

32. Activity: Have you ever … ? • Write full sentences and add info about yourself Zuzia has broken a promise and so have I. Steve has caught a fish but I haven’t. Paweł hasn’t had a hangover and nor have I. Darek hasn’t seen a sunrise but I have.

33. TRUE? orFALSE? A:Have you ever got dressed entirely in red? B: Yes, I have. When I was at university red was my favourite colour and the majority of my clothes were red: a coat, a skirt, a waistcoat, a few shirts, a tieand many accessories: a handbag, a hat, gloves, shoes. So very often I was dressed in red only. My friends used to call me Lady in Red.

34. TRUE? orFALSE? A:Have you ever been to a casino? B: Yes, I have. I went to the casino when I visited Niagara Falls a few years ago. There is one of the most famous casinos in Canada. I played roulette and cards, drank Martini and tried my luck with an one-armed bandit. Unfortunately, I didn’t win any money but I had a lot of fun and met some marvellous people.

35. Nightmare jobs Order the pieces:

36. Nightmare jobs Answer the questions from memory: • Who’s done lots of part-time jobs? • Who’s been fruit-picking? • Who’s looked after horrible children? • Who’s sold ice cream on the beach? • Who’s worked in a factory? • Who’s worked as a waiter?

37. Who’s done lots of part-time jobs? Leo Who’s been fruit-picking? Polly Who’s looked after horrible children? Polly Who’s sold ice cream on the beach? Leo Who’s worked in a factory? Leo Who’s worked as a waiter? Polly Nightmare jobs

38. just / yet A: You lookADJECTIVE.What has happened? B: I have justPAST PARTICIPLE + PHRASE. A: Have youPAST PARTICIPLE + PHRASEyet? B: Not yet, but I’m going to.

39. fall • grow up • take off • turn sth on