Chapter 18: A Revolution in Science and Thought Section 1: The Scientific Revolution

1. Chapter 18: A Revolution in Science and ThoughtSection 1: The Scientific Revolution chio World Studies

2. A. Revolutionary Thinking • Astronomers challenged the teachings of ancient philosophers and the Church leaders.

3. A. Revolutionary Thinking • The Old View • European thinkers in the middle ages accepted the view of the universe based on Aristotle’s ideas. • During the Renaissance and early Reformation, people looked to the past for ideas. • As the printing press made more books available and more people learned to read, people began to question many of the ideas of earlier thinkers.

4. A. Revolutionary Thinking • Nicolaus Copernicus and Watchers of the Stars • Nicolaus Copernicus was a Polish scholar who had studied writings of the ancients and spent time observing the stars. • Nicolaus studied the universe he made a conclusion which laid to be heliocentric or sun centered. • After years astronomers continued to observe the stars and planets, they were keeping track of the positions and record them. They determine that Copernicus was right. That the sun was on center.

5. A. Revolutionary Thinking • Galileo Galilei • Galileo was born in 1564, he supported the idea that the sun was at the center of the universe. • After he attended university he got interested in science and math. He learned about the invention of the telescope and invented one that was more powerful. • With his telescope he discover that Corpernicus ideas were right. But this time he had evidence, but he was forced to deny the that ideas of Corpernicus were true and he was placed under house arrest for the rest of his life.

6. B. A New Scientific Method • Francis Bacon and Rene Descartes helped develop the scientific method.

7. B. A New Scientific Method • Champions of the New Science • Two philosophers who had a huge influence on the Scientific Revolution were Francis Bacon and Rene Descartes. • Each one of them has different points of view. Bacon believed that everything the laid to a discover must be prove by an experiment. • On the other hand, Descartes believe that everything, but God and the human soul could be viewed as mechanical and the ideas must be broken down to smaller pieces to arrived the truth.

8. B. A New Scientific Method • The Methods of Science • The ideas of Bacon and Descartes helped created a new approach to science—an approach that is still used today. • This new approach was called the scientific method,a way of carefully gathering and explaining information. • The scientists make careful observations and then create a hypothesis and then do the experiment and if the hypothesis wasn't true they modify the hypothesis until they prove it right.

9. C. Science Continues to Advance • Scientists gained more support from monarch and made new discoveries

10. C. Science Continues to Advance • Isaac Newton • Isaac Newton, a brilliant mathematician, was the first person to explain the laws of force and motion that operate in the universe. • He also give credit with the branch of mathematics called calculus, but his greatest discovery was the law of gravity. • Newton continued to work on science all his life, he also explain why planets travel in oval paths , as Kepler had found.

11. C. Science Continues to Advance • Other Discoveries • Chemists began to study the gases that make up the air, during the 1700s, hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon dioxide were discovered. • Antoine Lavoisier , a French scientist , discovered the true nature of fire. He discovered that fire is caused by material uniting with oxygen. • Advances in technology also benefited from the new scientific methods of observation and measurements.

12. Chapter 18: A Revolution in Science and ThoughtSection 2: The Enlightenment chio World Studies

13. A. Political, Economic, and Social Thought • Philosophers used the reason of science to change he way people thought about such topics as human behavior, government, and economics

14. A. Political, Economic, and Social Thought • The Search for Natural Law • The chaos of the reformation and wars of religion had shaken a belief system that had been accepted by society throughout the Middle Ages. • People began looking for natural law, or the conditions the govern human behavior. Thinkers began to believe that the problems of society and a good government, and they wanted to design a sensible economy. • But many were not agree with this they still supported the old order, kings were most to support the idea of still claimed to rule by divine right.

15. A. Political, Economic, and Social Thought • Enlightenment Thinkers • One of the first philosophers to search for the natural laws of government was England’s Thomas Hobbes. • The violence of England’s civil wars left him to with the belief that people were cruel, greedy, and selfish. • The duty of the government to protect the rights of the governed became important to democracy in Europe and North America.

16. A. Political, Economic, and Social Thought • New Views of the Economy • During this time, another group of thinkers developed new ideas about economics. • Most rejected government interference in the economy, especially the practices of heavily taxing people and regulating trade. • Adam smith, a Scottish philosopher, was influenced by the ideas of the new economic thinkers.

17. B. The ideas of the Philosophes • In France, a group of Enlightenment thinkers called philosophes tried to improve society through science and reason.

18. B. The ideas of the Philosophes • Famous Philosophes • One of the leading philisophes was the great French writer Voltaire. He spent two years with in England and met the great English writers of the time. • Voltaire wrote many essays and the rights of all the people as a model for the citizens of France • He became the most influential and famous of the French philisophes.

19. B. The ideas of the Philosophes • The Encyclopedie • The phisolophe Denis Dederot did a lot to spread the ideas of the enlightenmentm • Denis throught letter and travel, the phisolophes exchanged a lot of information with rulers and thinkers in other countries. • All of this ideas were put together and this were called Encyclopedie, there were many suvbjects involved such as; science, government philosophy,religion and stars.

20. C. The Enlightenment and Society • Ideas of the Enlightenment influenced society, government, and the arts.

21. C. The Enlightenment and Society • The Enlightenment Salons • Many philosophes frequently gathered in salons, rooms in the private homes of the rich. • Usually the groups that gathered held informal discussions, with topics ranging from morals to physics. • The phisophes believed in freedom and equality, but only for man. They believed that woman had natural rights too but not like man.

22. C. The Enlightenment and Society • Enlightenment Despots • Enlightenment thinkers thought that if they could influence rulers to change their polices to match Enlightenment ideas. • In some cases, their strategy work, and a few rulers did change their polices. • These enlightened despots included Frederick II of Prussia, Catherine the Great Russia, and Joseph II of Austria.

23. C. The Enlightenment and Society • Arts and Culture • Arts during the Age of Reason change and develop, the ideas of the Enlightenment transformed many of the arts. • The styles of the Renaissance gave way to the baroque, the ornate art style of the 1600s. • Baroque art was grand, energetic and theatrical. It influenced painting, sculpture, music and theater.

24. Chapter 18: A Revolution in Science and ThoughtSection 1: The American Revolution chio World Studies

25. A. Causes of the American Revolution • Growing discontent with British rule in America eventually led to war.

26. A. Causes of the American Revolution • The American Colonies • By the 1770s Great Britain had established a powerful empire in the Americas. 13 colonies had been settled along eastern coast of North America. • Boston and New York, were centers of trade that linked North America to trade with Africa west indies and Europe. • Colonial life was different from life in Europe, although wealthy people still dominated government and society.

27. A. Causes of the American Revolution • War With France • in 1763, the French and Indian war, a long struggle with France for territory in North America ended as a British victory. • After the war the British faced two problems; economically and keeping order on the colonies. • To Recover Expenses and increase revenue, British authorities began to enforce law regulating trade more strictly.

28. A. Causes of the American Revolution • Growing Discontent • In the years following the French and Indian War, new laws and taxes were passed that were irritating to the colonists. • For example the Sugar Act: which consist in increasing the taxes in many goods. Discontent led violence. • Colonistst in favor of independence began to use Propaganda to gather support for their cause, propaganda is the spreading of ideas favorable to a cause

29. B. War for Independence • American patriots declared independence from Great Britain and defeated British forces.

30. B. War for Independence • Declaration of Independence • After fighting broke out between British forces and colonial forces in 1774 and 1775, the continental congress approves the creation of an army. • George Washington was named as its commander, Washington had excellent qualifications to lead the continental army, in 1976 the continental congress voted to declare independence. • A draft of of the formal document, the Declaration of Independence, was written by Thomas Jefferson of Virginia.

31. B. War for Independence • The American Revolution • People were divided about revolution, both in America and in Great Britain, some of the population still supported Britain. • Many served in the British army. • In great Britain people criticized Parliament. Both faced problems during the revolution the Continental Congress economically and British had a disorganized army,

32. B. War for Independence • Turning Point of War • In 1777, Americans forces defeated the British at Saratoga, New York, and Great Britain’s old enemy the French. • The Americans defeat the British in another major battle when Washington had the British blocked at Yorktown. • In 1783 the British and the Americans signed a peace treaty in Paris which end the war.

33. C. A New Nation • The new country adopted a Constitution based on Enlightenment ideas.

34. C. A New Nation • A New Constitution • By 1787 it was clear that the Articles of Confederation did not work. • Government decide to improve the Articles of Confederation. • In the end, they created the Constitution of United States of America

35. C. A New Nation • Effects of the American Revolution • America’s Revolution and new democratic society changed the way people thought about government. • People were encouraged by the success of the new American government. • People in parts of Europe and in South America eventually came to fight for the right.