Chapter 7

1. Chapter 7

2. Chapter 8 sec 1 page 165 • Segregation • The Jim Crow Era • Plessy v Ferguson • The Populist Movement • Ida B Wells • Lynchings

3. Section 1: The Jim Crow Era Main Idea By 1900 many of the gains made by African Americans during Reconstruction had been taken away, and relations between blacks and whites had grown strained. • Reading Focus • What rights did black citizens lose after the end of Reconstruction? • What court cases helped legalize segregation in the United States? • What barriers were raised to keep African Americans from voting? • What caused a rise in racial violence in the 1900s?

4. Segregation • _Segregation_ or a separation of the races in daily life. Southern whites saw this as a way to keep blacks separate and not equal after reconstruction.

5. African Americans Lose Ground Three different approaches to African American equality • Most African Americans favored social integration • Sought to place blacks on an equal basis with whites • Level social, economic, and political barriers • Create equal opportunity among people of all races • Many blacks and some whites called for racial separation • Respectful division of the races into their own communities • Blacks would develop independent social, educational, and economic institutions • Many whites looked for ways to keep races separate and unequal through voluntary segregation • Called for separation of the races in daily life; developed into new era of discrimination called the Jim Crow era that lasted nearly 100 years

6. The Jim Crow Era • The _Jim Crow_ Era that lasted for almost 100 years. Jim Crow refers to laws and customs used to discriminate blacks in the south.

7. The Rise of Jim Crow • Jim Crow • Name originally from song sung by black children at play • Took on different meaning in 1820s with song-and-dance routine by blackface performer • Soon became a racial slur used to demean blacks • By late 1800s referred to laws and customs to oppress, discriminate against blacks, especially in the South

8. Jim Crow laws • Redeemer lawmakers passed laws to establish separate facilities for black people; laws became known as Jim Crow laws • Jim Crow laws spread across South from 1890 to 1910 • Throughout South blacks forced to ride in separate railway cars, eat in separate restaurants, attend separate schools, and live in separate neighborhoods • In the North, laws less widespread; African Americans still dealt with prejudice; blacks denied admittance to hotels, restaurants, and theaters • Blacks also faced prejudice at West Point; in 1870 malicious white cadets provoked J. W. Smith into striking a white cadet; the first black cadet at West Point was expelled as result

9. Barriers to Voting Voting rights for African Americans a major concern for white politicians. Some whites wanted to control black vote; others wanted to deny it. • Black Disfranchisement • New black codes included unfair voting laws; adding literacy tests to their voting restrictions • Many blacks had received no education; could not pass tests • States voting fee called a poll tax • Poor and illiterate whites were exempted by grandfather clause; if grandfather eligible to vote, then that person could vote as well • Other Methods • Other states used a so-called clause of understanding; waived literacy requirements if could explain clause • Some southern states banned blacks form taking part in primary elections • Black voters had little say in who was elected to office in the South • Once again unable to vote; with little say in the government

10. Plessy v Ferguson • _Plessy_ v _Ferguson_ was a landmark discrimination case that happened in Louisiana in 1892. Homer Plessy (1/8 black) refused to move from a white train car. Courts agreed that segregation was lawful as long as whites and blacks had access to equal facilities.

11. The Populist Movement • The __Populist_ Movement began in the 1880’s supporting blacks right to vote. Through this movement some black officials were elected.

12. Plessy v. Ferguson • 1892 another case about discrimination • Louisiana law prohibited blacks and whites from riding in the same railroad car; Homer Plessy, who was one-eighth black, challenged the law when he was arrested for riding in a white car • Separate but equal • Louisiana courts determined separate facilities did not demean blacks, as long as those facilities were equal; Plessy appealed • In landmark case Plessy v. Fergusonthe Supreme Court sided with the Louisiana court; agreed segregation was lawful as long as blacks and whites had access to equal facilities • John Marshall Harlan only justice to disagree; arguing the decision would only worsen racial tension; “separate but equal” doctrine used to keep blacks in the position of second-class citizens • Facilities available to blacks were seldom equal to those used by whites

13. Segregation is Legalized Southern states began writing new constitutions that incorporated Jim Crow principles. States used federal court rulings to support segregation. • The Slaughterhouse Cases • 1873 three cases regarding the meatpacking industry in New Orleans brought before the Supreme Court • Years before Louisiana decided to create a new corporation to run all slaughterhouses in New Orleans • Slaughterhouse owners said it was an unlawful monopoly that threatened their livelihood • Case at Supreme Court • Slaughterhouse owners argued Louisiana law violated 14th amendment rights; no state could impede the rights and privileges of its citizens • Court did not agree; 14th only protected rights of national citizenship—not rights granted by states • Cases later used to justify Jim Crow laws and creation of separate facilities in states

14. Ida B Wells • Ida B _Wells_ was a populist who was against Lynching in the US. After her friends were lynched she began writing editorials attacking the concept of lynching.

15. Lynchings • _Lynchings_ or the murder of individuals-usually by hanging- without a trial.

16. Classwork page 172 • Look at the picture on page 172 • Answers questions 1 2 and 3 relating to the picture on page 173

17. Chap 7 Section 2 • Progressive Movement • Booker T Washington • W.E.B Du Bios • The Niagara Movement • NAACP

18. Progressive Movement • _Progressive_ movement took place in the late 1800’s through the early 1900’s it focused on issues like terrible poverty, unfair business practices, the lack of rights for women, and racial discrimination.

19. Examples of Black Progressives • Black Progressives included both men and women; most prominent supporters of African American rights were two black women • Ida Wells-Barnett, an outspoken critic of lynching she also wrote passionately for increased rights for blacks and women • Mary Church Terrell traveled around the country calling for the same rights • Booker T. Washington • Vocal black Progressive, Booker T. Washington; had been born a slave in 1856 in Virginia to a black mother and a white father • His dream was to learn to read and write; a black school finally opened • At the age of 16, he went to the Hampton Institute in Virginia; after graduation, Washington got a job as a teacher

20. Booker T Washington • Booker T _Washington_ was an educational reform who started a vocational school in Tuskegee Alabama in 1881. He got a lot of white supporters to fund his schools.

21. Washington’s Speech • On September 18, 1895, Washington made a speech in Atlanta; mesmerizing his audience • “Learn a trade” enthusiastic advice to black citizens • If black people efficient workers, would be granted rights as citizens; philosophy known as vocational education • His Atlanta Compromise declared blacks and whites had to work together to achieve racial equality; tolerance could not be forced Booker T. Washington

22. Tuskegee Institute • Washington felt he could help black people succeed by teaching them; accepted the chance to open the Tuskegee Institute in 1881 • At that time Tuskegee was nothing more than a rundown old plantation and a barn; by his death in 1915, the institute had an annual endowment in excess of $2 million • The Tuskegee Institute founded to train teachers and to teach poor blacks trades so they could succeed; school was successful • Eventually focus changed from vocational training to a more traditional college curriculum; began offering college degrees • Now called Tuskegee University, the school today has an enrollment of more than 3,000

23. W.E.B Du Bios • W.E.B _ Du Bios_ was a Harvard educated leader of the Black Protest movement. In 1899 he published The Philadelphia Negro, the first in-depth sociological examination of African Americans. • brilliant economics professor at Atlanta University • Du Bois feared if blacks just waited to gain full equality they would be headed back to slavery

25. The Black Protest Movement Many felt black Americans should fight bitterly against discrimination and segregation, protest the status quo and work for a positive change in society. • W. E. B. Du Bois • One of the leaders of the Black Protest movement; a brilliant economics professor at Atlanta University • Du Bois feared if blacks just waited to gain full equality they would be headed back to slavery • Du Bois was born to free parents in 1868 in Great Barrington, Massachusetts. • Scholarly Brilliance • At early age won a scholarship to Fisk University; earned a Ph.D. from Harvard University, the first black student ever to do so • Du Bois gained fame as a scholar; 1899 published The Philadelphia Negro, the first in-depth sociological examination of African Americans • In 1903 penned The Souls of Black Folk

26. Washington and Du Bois • Like Booker T. Washington, Du Bois wanted better lives for African Americans; the two men differed on how to achieve that dream • Washington focused on getting the black working class what it needed to survive • Du Bois believed the black middle class was the only group with the resources, both material and mental, to pull the working class out of poverty • Du Bois dubbed those young black people with the most potential for leadership the Talented Tenth • Du Bois thought that the skills and talents of the Tenth could pull all black citizens up from hardship

27. The Niagara Movement • The _Niagara_ Movement started by Du Bois set out to change the problems in society. Black Americans should have three things: the right to vote, civic equality, and the education of youth according to their ability.

28. The Niagara Movement Du Bois set out to change the problems in society. Black Americans should have three things: the right to vote, civic equality, and the education of youth according to their ability. • Fort Erie Meeting • July 11, 1905, Du Bois and 29 others met in Canada • Du Bois’s originally wanted to hold the meeting in Buffalo; the hotel refused to rent rooms to African Americans • These men were determined to create an organization which would aggressively push for full civil rights for all African Americans • Incorporation • The group incorporated itself as the Niagara Movement • Met the following year at Harpers Ferry; in 1907, met in the old abolitionist stronghold of Faneuil Hall in Boston • In 1908 after a major race riot in Springfield, Illinois, liberal whites took up the civil rights banner; joining with their black counterparts

29. NAACP • On February 12, 1909, the 100th anniversary of Abraham Lincoln’s birth, the _NAACP_ or the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People was born. In May 1910 Du Bois created a magazine (The Crisis) so the leaders of the new organization could share their views.

30. The NAACP On February 12, 1909, the 100th anniversary of Abraham Lincoln’s birth, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People was born. • NAACP • W. E. B. Du Bois and the Niagara Movement joined with white reformers to found the NAACP • Among the white founders were Mary White Ovington and Oswald Garrison Villard • In May 1910 Du Bois created a magazine so the leaders of the new organization could share their views • The Crisis • The magazine was called The Crisis; by 1920 it was selling as many as 100,000 copies a month • Du Bois explained, “its editorial page will stand for the rights of men, irrespective of color or race” • NAACP attorneys began waging the battle against injustice—a battle that continues today

31. Labor and Political Organizations • Knights of Labor • One of two major unions formed in the 1880s; Knights of Labor agreed to welcome black workers • Membership dropped sharply after unpopular strikes; by 1890s union declined • AFL • With American Federation of Labor (AFL) few blacks actually allowed to join; many joined affiliated unions • Congress of Industrial Organizations first major integrated union • Politics • Black Americans began to rethink their political affiliations; most still sided with the Republican Party • Some black citizens felt Republicans taking their support for granted; left Republicans for Democrats • Knights of Labor • Blacks in northern cities could get concessions in exchange for support of Democrats • Black Democrats formed National Independent Political League to encourage Democratic voting

32. Chapter 7 sec 3&4 page 185 • Exodus of 1897 • Benjamin “Pap” Singleton • Buffalo Soldiers • The Spanish-American War • Historical Black Colleges • Madame C.J. Walker

33. Exodus of 1897 • Exodus of _1897_ was the migration of 15,000 black southerners to Kansas. The state of Kansas was chosen to migrate to because it was the home of John Brown.

34. Benjamin Pap Singleton • Benjamin “Pap” _Singleton_ led the mass exodus to Kansas in 1879. His plan was to create independent black communities but had problems facing racism in Kansas • He became discouraged and believe that Africans Americans would have no success in the US and planned a mass movement to Africa that never panned out.

35. The Move West “The whole South—every single state in the South—had got into the hands of the very men that held us as slaves . . . We said there was no hope for us and we better go.” • The Exodusters • 1879 more than 15,000 black southerners headed to Kansas • Led by a former slave named Benjamin “Pap” Singleton; mass migration was known as the Exodus of 1879 • Those who took part in the exodus called Exodusters • Reasons for Move • Singleton believed blacks in the South would eventually gain freedom and equality • Was convinced it would not occur during his lifetime; determined to find a place where he could enjoy his life • “Well, my people, for the want of land—we needed land for our children…”

36. Black Communities in the West • African Americans created their own communities in Kansas • Singleton responsible for two settlements before the exodus; people who moved to the Singleton colonies had little money and few possessions • First colony failed, after rich deposits of lead were discovered in the area and real estate prices skyrocketed • Second colony most people able to find work; community thrived • Several more African American communities established with arrival of Exodusters; about 20 black towns founded in the 1870s and 1880s • Largest and most successful—Nicodemus, Kansas; founded in 1877 by six black and two white settlers; had 500 people by 1880 • Crop failures and hostility from nearby towns took toll; by 1910 only 200 people in what was the only all-black town in Kansas

37. Buffalo Soldiers • _Buffalo_ Soldiers were regiments of black soldiers that joined the army after the civil war. They were made up of 4 regiments that had to be led by white men.

38. Buffalo Soldiers The West was home to four regiments of African American troops known as the buffalo soldiers. An 1866 law allowed the army to form regiments of black soldiers in peacetime, but these regiments had to be led by white men. • Fighting in the West • Based in Kansas, Montana, and Utah, the buffalo soldiers served mostly in the West • Escorted stagecoaches and trains and hunted down cattle rustlers; main job to protect settlers from hostile Native Americans and bandits • Name buffalo soldiers given to the troops by Native Americans • Widely Respected • Courageous in battle and had strict discipline; between 1870 and 1890, 19 members honored with the Medal of Honor • Soldiers were well behaved; drunken behavior seldom seen in their ranks • Few members of the buffalo soldiers ever deserted or committed crimes

39. The Spanish-American War • The _Spanish-American_ War began in 1898 when the US assumed Spain sunk the USS Maine in Havana Cuba. Many buffalo soldiers would gain recognition for fight in the war that lasted on 12 weeks. • The Maine exploded because of its own gun powder accidentally igniting • The ship was sent down to protect US citizens as tensions mounted with Spain.

40. The Spanish-American War • War lasted just over twelve weeks • Five black soldiers received Medals of Honor for their service • Despite continuing prejudice and discrimination, these soldiers won the admiration of many of their white counterparts • Said one, “I’ve changed my opinion of the colored folks, for of all the men I saw fighting, there were none to beat the Tenth Cavalry, and the colored infantry at Santiago, and I don’t mind saying so.” • Spanish-American War of 1898 started in Cuba, a Spanish colony with American business investments • 1898 U.S. battleship Maine sunk in Havana Harbor; 22 black sailors among the 260 men who lost their lives; harsh response from the U.S. • Assumed Spain responsible for the explosion; Congress quickly passed declaration of war • Buffalo soldiers among the first army regiments sent to Cuba to fight

41. Historical Black Colleges • _Historical_ Black Colleges are designated by Congress as accredited schools founded before 1964 who's principal mission was and is the education of black Americans.

43. Madmea C.J. Walker • Madame C.J. _Walker_ was the first black woman to become a millionaire. She invented a special hair softener, straightening comb and a variety of cosmetics marketed to both black and white woman.