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Exploration

Exploration. Zheng He. What were China’s Maritime accomplishments prior to 1450? Who is Zheng He? What is the Star Fleet? Why did the Ming Government end maritime exploration?. The Santa Maria. Ideas to Explore. . . (no pun intended). What were the motives for European Expansion?

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Exploration

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  1. Exploration

  2. Zheng He • What were China’s Maritime accomplishments prior to 1450? • Who is Zheng He? What is the Star Fleet? • Why did the Ming Government end maritime exploration?

  3. The Santa Maria

  4. Ideas to Explore. . . (no pun intended) • What were the motives for European Expansion? • What technological changes enable expansion? • Why were Portugal and Spain the early leaders of European Expansion?

  5. Major Themes of Chapter 23 • Desire to explore • Technology of exploration • Joint-Stock companies and their rising power • Russia and the land based gunpowder empires • Columbian Exchange and its world altering changes

  6. Status Quo circa 1450 • Chinese Economy is a dominant world power • Indian Ocean trade network is the most important in the world • Silk Roads trek the most valuable items on earth • The Byzantine Empire is on the brink of collapse to the Ottoman Turks • England and France are locked in a century old war

  7. Status Quo circa 1450 • Crusades had linked wealthy Europeans to spices from Asian markets and the Byzantine collapse shifted these trade routes. (think of oil) • Educated people knew the near exact circumference of the earth for 1700 years!* • The assumption was that there was one major body of water rapped around the ‘back’ of the globe!

  8. Ptolemaic Map

  9. What technological changes enable expansion? • Stern Rudder • Latitudinal Maps, why no longitude? • Triangular Lateen Sail • Magnetic Compass • Astrolabe • Cross Staff and Back Staff • Volto do Mar • Rudders and Star Charts

  10. Reasons for Exploration • Could Iraq (war torn), Chad (impoverished), or Bangladesh (unstable) in this year be able to mount a space program? • Then what are the pre-conditions for exploration? • Relative Peace • Prosperity (wealthy investors) • Skilled and educated workers • Organizing tax-collecting government

  11. NASA • Apply the four pre-conditions to the NASA Space Program. • First country on Mars? • Expense, technological expertise, education, willingness to take risks, and a large factor of the ‘unknown’

  12. Reasons for Exploration • Portugal and Spain • Why them? • Why not England and France? • Why not Germany? • Why not Italy? • Why not Dar al-Islam?

  13. Exploration • Importance of the Island Groups • Importance of wind patterns (examine de Gama pg. 605) • Examine Columbus for Encounter and Interaction the major paradigm of World History: • What is the nature of the attitudes and actions of Columbus? How does this mirror future interactions?

  14. Portugal • Needed land suitable for cultivating cash crops • Needed to establish new trade routes outside of the Muslim control of Asian Markets • Desire to expand the influence of Christianity • EFFECT: Island and east Atlantic Plantations are colonized

  15. Portugal • The need to find a direct route to Asia was all consuming (remember think oil). • What factors drove the prices of precious goods up? • Collapse of Mongol and Byzantine Empires, spread of Bubonic Plague • With the Collapse, how could Asian goods get to European Markets?

  16. Effect of Exploration • What is the major effect of the explorative effect of Portuguese and Spanish success? • What happens when you feed fish? Or dogs? • What countries are going to join the competition? • What is a direct product of this competition? • Hint-Think 18th century. . .

  17. Break into a small group and rank the three most impacting trade items in each direction and why.

  18. <-Cacafuego?

  19. Progenitors of Exploration Monarchical Expansion • Portugal-Prince Henry-Dias/De Gama • Spain-Ferdinand and Isabella-Columbus Charter Companies • Joint Stocks: BEIC and VOC

  20. BEIC

  21. VOC

  22. BEIC and VOC • What type of relationship did England and Netherlands establish? • How did joint-stock companies become so powerful? • Give and example of the power of the VOC. • Wanted trade and protection of ports BUT NO DIRECT CONTROL? Why not?

  23. Second Wave • Magellan and the Pacific • Spain, Mexico and the Philippines and the Manila Galleons • England and the Northwest Passage • James Cook, last of the great explorers, great site cartographer

  24. He was given a slinky as a child. . . • He straightened it out

  25. Trading Posts • ‘Footholds’ into trading regions where there is a lack of military resources and human numbers to impose rule in eastern and western hemispheres • Afonzo d’Alboquerque, forced merchant ships to dock and trade at fortified ports.

  26. Major Trading Posts • Melaka • Batavia • Cape Town • Bombay • Calcutta • Macau • Nagasaki • Mozambique

  27. Russia • Spread two directions: Central Asia and Northeastern Eurasia • Siberia and the importance of Fur. How can Fur be a trade item? • Russian frontiersmen • Spread of Eastern Orthodoxy a failure

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