The Cold War

1. Why was there a War? Why Cold? Was it Cold? The Cold War

2. Summary • The Cold War is the name given to the relationship that developed primarily between the USA and the USSR after World War Two. The Cold War was to dominate international affairs for decades and many major crises occurred - the Cuban Missile Crisis, Vietnam, Hungary and the Berlin Wall being just some. For many the growth in weapons of mass destruction was the most worrying issue. • Do note that USSR in 1945 was Russia post-1917 and included all the various countries that now exist individually (Ukraine, Georgia etc) but after the war they were part of this huge country up until the collapse of the Soviet Union (the other name for the USSR). • Logic would dictate that as the USA and the USSR fought as allies during World War Two, their relationship after the war would be firm and friendly. This never happened and any appearance that these two powers were friendly during the war is illusory.

3. From Left to Right: Winston Churchill, Franklin Roosevelt, Joseph StalinWWII Allies meeting after Germany’s surrender

4. End of WWII • Before the war, America had depicted the Soviet Union as almost the devil-incarnate. The Soviet Union had depicted America likewise so their ‘friendship’ during the war was simply the result of having a mutual enemy - Nazi Germany. In fact, one of America’s leading generals, Patton, stated that he felt that the Allied army should unite with what was left of the Wehrmacht in 1945, utilise the military genius that existed within it (such as the V2’s etc.) and fight the oncoming Soviet Red Army. Churchill himself was furious that Eisenhower, as supreme head of Allied command, had agreed that the Red Army should be allowed to get to Berlin first ahead of the Allied army. His anger was shared by Montgomery, Britain’s senior military figure. • So the extreme distrust that existed during the war, was certainly present before the end of the war……..and this was between Allies. The Soviet leader, Joseph Stalin, was also distrustful of the Americans after Truman only told him of a new terrifying weapon that he was going to use against the Japanese. The first Stalin knew of what this weapon could do was when reports on Hiroshima got back to Moscow. • So this was the scene after the war ended in 1945. Both sides distrusted the other. One had a vast army in the field (the Soviet Union with its Red Army supremely lead by Zhukov) while the other, the Americans had the most powerful weapon in the world, the A-bomb and the Soviets had no way on knowing how many America had.

5. Textbook Read • Topics: Communism, Cold War, Capitalism, Berlin Wall • What was it? • How did it contribute to the Cold War? • Explain why you think it was a good or bad idea.

6. Questions (Discuss and answer) • Why did the Allies not get along after the war? • What do you think the result was in Europe? • How was Germany affected?-see Duell powerpoint

7. What is a Cold War? • Hot War : this is actual warfare. All talks have failed and the armies are fighting. • Warm War : this is where talks are still going on and there would always be a chance of a peaceful outcome but armies, navies etc. are being fully mobilised and war plans are being put into operation ready for the command to fight. • Cold War : this term is used to describe the relationship between America and the Soviet Union 1945 to 1980. Neither side ever fought the other - the consequences would be too appalling

8. Democracy vs Communism • So why were these two super powers so distrustful of the other? • AmericaSoviet Union • Free elections No elections or fixed • Democratic Autocratic / Dictatorship • Capitalist Communist • ‘Survival of the fittest’ Everybody helps everybody • Richest world power Poor economic base • Personal freedom Society controlled by the NKVD (secret police) • Freedom of the media Total censorship

9. Questions • What were the key disagreements between Democracy and Communism? • What is the difference between Communism and Totalitarianism? • What do you think happened when these two ideologies were promoted by the two most powerful nations?

10. MAD • Mutually Assured Destruction • Why? • Espionage • Fog of War • 9:00-20

11. Recipe for Cold War • * American fear of communist attack • * Truman’s dislike of Stalin • * Russia’s fear of the American's atomic bomb  • * Russia’s dislike of capitalism • * Russia’s actions in the Soviet zone of Germany • * America’s refusal to share nuclear secrets • * Russia’s expansion west into Eastern Europe + broken election promises • * Russia’s fear of American attack • * Russia’s need for a secure western border • * Russia’s aim of spreading world communism

12. Democracy (Blue) vs Communism (Red)

13. Where did Communism come from? • Communism - Marxism & The Communist ManifestoCommunism, which is also described as "Revolutionary Proletarian Socialism" or "Marxism," is both a political and economic philosophy. The abridgment of Communism is enclosed in two primary writings: (1) The Communist Manifesto, which was first published in 1848 by Karl Marx, and (2) Principles of Communism, by Friedrich Engels. At the request of the Communist League, an activist group they were members of, Marx and Engels together authored The Communist Manifesto. The main goal of The Communist Manifesto was to focus on class struggle and motivate the common people to riot. Even more so, it was designed to envision a model government, whose economics would destroy the upper class - freeing the lower class from tyranny. According to The Communist Manifesto, Communism has ten essential planks:

14. Communism Clip

15. Communism

16. The Basics • Abolition of Private Property. • Heavy Progressive Income Tax. • Abolition of Rights of Inheritance. • Confiscation of Property Rights. • Central Bank. • Government Ownership of Communication and Transportation. • Government Ownership of Factories and Agriculture. • Government Control of Labor. • Corporate Farms and Regional Planning. • Government Control of Education. • Fundamentally, The Communist Manifesto was a rebellion against the extreme poverty of the lower class.

18. Religion? • Communism - Atheism and AmoralityCommunism doesn't end with economic and political reform. By definition, it further demands the abolition of both Religion and the Absolute Morality founded upon Religion. The irony is that Communism supposedly attempts to enhance civility within society, but removes all notions of Absolute Morality, the very cornerstone of civility. Furthermore, after Communism is instituted by the people, the system becomes Totalitarian, resulting in greater oppression of the people it was designed to "serve." This fact is well documented throughout the history of Communist nations.

19. Religion questions • Why does Communism believe in the abolition of religion? • What would this accomplish? • Why does Democracy allow religion? • Write a short narative expressing your feelings at having to give up religion. Why do you feel this way?

20. Communism - Foundation in CzarismCommunism, though distinctive, is thought by some to have been heavily influenced by Czarism, a Totalitarian regime replaced by Communism after Russia's 1917 Revolution.

21. Essay Prep • Question: • 1.) Describe the “Cold War” • 2.) Explain what the Berlin Wall had to do with Political Ideology

22. Ideas/Content • Describes: • Cold War • Berlin Wall • Communism • Capitalism • Political Ideology • USSR • Democracy/NATO • Nuclear

23. Organization • Modern Cold War-Taiwan/China, North Korea/Japan, India/Pakistan, Israel/Palestine • Communist countries- Soviet Union, North Korea, China, Cuba • Democratic countries- America, South Korea, Japan, Indonesia • Germany-built Berlin Wall (separate land), Korea-DMZ, borders-Mexico/America

24. Word Choice • Ideas/Content/Organization words • Vocabulary words • Warm/Hot/Cold War • Berlin Airlift

25. Sentence Fluency • The Cold War, Political Ideology and The Berlin Wall.

26. Who is Dr Seuss? • "OH, THE PLACES YOU'LL GO! THERE IS FUN TO BE DONE! THERE AREPOINTS TO BE SCORED. THERE ARE GAMES TO BE WON."From: Oh, The Places You'll Go! • Theodor Seuss Geisel, better known to the world as the beloved Dr. Seuss, was born in 1904 on Howard Street in Springfield, Massachusetts. Ted's father, Theodor Robert, and grandfather were brewmasters in the city. His mother, Henrietta Seuss Geisel, often soothed her children to sleep by "chanting" rhymes remembered from her youth. Ted credited his mother with both his ability and desire to create the rhymes for which he became so well known. Although the Geisels enjoyed great financial success for many years, the onset of World War I and Prohibition presented both financial and social challenges for the German immigrants. Nonetheless, the family persevered and again prospered, providing Ted and his sister, Marnie, with happy childhoods.The influence of Ted's memories of Springfield can be seen throughout his work. Drawings of Horton the Elephant meandering along streams in the Jungle of Nool, for example, mirror the watercourses in Springfield's Forest Park from the period.

27. Political Cartoons

28. Dr Seuss Cartoon Book-bookshelf • As World War II approached, Ted's focus shifted, and he began contributing weekly political cartoons to PM magazine, a liberal publication. Too old for the draft, but wanting to contribute to the war effort, Ted served with Frank Capra's Signal Corps (U.S. Army) making training movies. It was here that he was introduced to the art of animation and developed a series of animated training films featuring a trainee called Private Snafu. See Horton-In theaters now!! His honors included two Academy awards, two Emmy awards, a Peabody award and the Pulitzer Prize.

29. Lets Read The Butter Battle Things to think about: • Fact: Dr Seuss lived through WWII and the Cold War and wrote political cartoons • The Essay Topic: Cold War and The Berlin Wall • The Essential Question: What effect do political ideologies have on the world?

30. Scored Discussion • Get out your scoring sheets.

31. What was Stalin thinking? • Europe by the summer of 1945 was very different to the Europe that had started out on war in September 1939. The Allies (USA, Britain and France) had started to fall out with Stalin’sRussia during the war itself. Stalin had wanted the Allies to start a second front in 1943. This, the Allies claimed, was not possible. Stalin got it into his mind that the Allies were deliberately allowing Russia to take on the might of two-thirds of the Wehrmacht in eastern Europe. Such a military campaign, he believed, would leave the USSR so weakened once the war was over that the Allies would have major military superiority over Russia almost immediately hostilities ceased.

33. Who was Joseph Stalin • It is known that after his speeches, the clapping could go on for more than 5 minutes. • Why?

34. Joseph Stalin, Man of the YearJan. 1, 1940

35. Joseph StalinStalin, Joseph Vissarionovich (1879-1953), Russian revolutionary, head of the USSR (1924-53).A Georgian cobbler's son named Dzhugashvili, he joined the Social-Democratic party while a seminarian and soon became a professional revolutionary. In the 1903 party split he sided with LENIN. Stalin attended party congresses abroad and worked in the Georgian party press. In 1912 he went to St. Petersburg, where he was elected to the party's central committee. About this time he took the name Stalin (man of steel). His sixth arrest (1913) led to four years of Siberian exile.After the RUSSIAN REVOLUTION of March 1917, he joined the editorial board of the party paper Pravda. When the Bolsheviks took power (Nov. 1917) he became people's commissar of nationalities. He also played an important administrative role in the civil war (1918-20).In 1922 Stalin was made general secretary of the party. Lenin, before he died in 1924, wrote a testament urging Stalin's removal from the post because of his arbitrary conduct; but in the struggle to succeed Lenin, Stalin was victorious. By 1927 he had discarded his erstwhile allies BUKHARIN, KAMENEV, and ZINOVIEV; in 1929 TROTSKY, his major rival for the succession, was exiled from the USSR. Forcible agricultural collectivization and breakneck industrialization began in 1928. The state, instead of withering away, as Marx had foreseen, was glorified. Nationalism was revived as socialism in one country. The military was reorganized along czarist lines. Conservatism permeated official policy on art, education, and the family.congress, KHRUSHCHEV denounced Stalin's tyranny, but destalinization has never been thoroughgoing.

36. Continued… • Political repression and terror reached a height in the 1930s. In a public trial Bukharin, Kamenev, Zinoviev, and others were charged with conspiring to overthrow the regime; they confessed and were executed. Enormous numbers of ordinary citizens also fell victim.Stalin's foreign policy in the 1930s focused on efforts to form alliances with Britain and France against NAZI Germany; the 1939 Russo-German nonaggression pact marked the failure of these efforts. In 1941 Stalin took over the premiership from MOLOTOV.The German invasion (June 22) found him unprepared; at war's end (1945) 20 million Russians were dead . At the TEHERAN CONFERENCE and the YALTA CONFERENCE Stalin gained Western recognition of a Soviet sphere of influence in Eastern Europe. The paranoia of his last years led to a period of terror reminiscent of the 1930s.On his death (1953) his body was placed next to Lenin's. In 1956, at the 20th Party Congress, KHRUSHCHEV denounced Stalin's tyranny, but destalinization has never been thoroughgoing.

37. Stalin Video • Questions • What led to Stalin’s rise? • What in his past caused him to be so violent? • In a paragraph, explain how ones past often shapes their future

38. Russian Propaganda Video • Propaganda Expression • What expressive words do you feel this video is supposed to bring out? • Is it effective?

40. Harry S TrumanHarry S. Truman, 32nd President of the United States (33rd counting Grover Cleveland twice), was born May 8, 1884, in Lamar, Missouri. He was the son of John Anderson Truman and Martha Ellen Young Truman. The Trumans moved to Cass County and in 1887 to the Young family farm in Grandview. The family moved again in 1890 to Independence, Missouri. John Truman made a comfortable living for his family, and from his childhood Harry Truman was called on to perform his daily chores and to help on the farm. His mother, who had a college education, taught Harry how to read and started his lessons on piano.Harry was regarded as a bright student by his teachers and graduated from Independence High School in 1901 at the age of 17. Truman worked briefly as timekeeper for a railroad construction contractor and then obtained work in nearby Kansas City.He worked as a clerk at the National Bank of Commerce, and later as a bookkeeper at the Union National Bank. After four years of working in the city, he returned to the Grandview farm in 1906. (See what farming was like in early 1900's.)Truman joined the Missouri National Guard in 1905 and was discharged as a corporal in 1911. When the United States entered World War I in 1917, he helped organize the 2nd Regiment of Missouri Field Artillery, which was called into Federal service as the 129th Field Artillery. In France, where he was promoted to Captain and given command of Battery D of the regiment; he participated in the Vosges, St. Mihiel, and Meuse-Argonne campaigns.

41. August 5, 1963           Dear Kup:           I appreciated most highly your column of July 30th, a copy of which you sent me.           I have been rather careful not to comment on the articles that have been written on the dropping of the bomb for the simple reason that the dropping of the bomb was completely and thoroughly explained in my Memoirs, and it was done to save 125,000 youngsters on the American side and 125,000 on the Japanese side from getting killed and that is what it did. It probably also saved a half million youngsters on both sides from being maimed for life.           You must always remember that people forget, as you said in your column, that the bombing of Pearl Harbor was done while we were at peace with Japan and trying our best to negotiate a treaty with them.           All you have to do is to go out and stand on the keel of the Battleship in Pearl Harbor with the 3,000 youngsters underneath it who had no chance whatever of saving their lives. That is true of two or three other battleships that were sunk in Pearl Harbor. Altogether, there were between 3,000 and 6,000 youngsters killed at that time without any declaration of war. It was plain murder.           I knew what I was doing when I stopped the war that would have killed a half a million youngsters on both sides if those bombs had not been dropped. I have no regrets and, under the same circumstances, I would do it again -- and this letter is not confidential.           Sincerely yours,           Harry S. Truman

42. Nikita Khrushchev Khrushchev, Nikita Sergeyevich 1894-1971, Soviet leader. Of Ukrainian peasant origin, he joined the Communist party in 1918, becoming a member of its central committee in 1934.As first secretary of the Ukrainian party (from 1938) he carried out STALIN's purge of its ranks. As a full member of the politburo (after 1939) he was a close associate of Stalin. In the power struggle after Stalin's death (1953) he emerged as first secretary of the party.At the 1956 party congress he delivered a secret report denouncing Stalin's policies and personality. The new atmosphere of freedom, however, led to uprisings in Poland and Hungary that year. In 1957 he replaced BULGANIN as premier, becoming head of both state and party. As part of his policy of peaceful coexistence in the COLD WAR, he toured the U.S. in 1959 and met with Pres. EISENHOWER; but in 1960 he canceled the Paris summit conference after a U.S. reconnaissance plane was shot down over the USSR.Repeated crop failures, his retreat in the CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS (1962), and the ideological rift with China led to his removal from power in Oct. 1964.

44. Dwight D. Eisenhower Dwight David Eisenhower, (1890-1969), American general and 34th PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES was the principal architect of the successful Allied invasion of Europe during World War II and of the subsequent defeat of Nazi Germany. As President, Eisenhower ended the Korean War, but his two terms (1953-1961) produced few legislative landmarks or dramatic initiatives in foreign policy. His presidency is remembered as a period of relative calm in the United States.Eisenhower spent his first 50 years in almost total obscurity. A professional soldier, he was not even particularly well known within the U.S. Army. His rise to fame during World War II was meteoric: a lieutenant colonel in 1941, he was a five-star general in 1945. As supreme commander of the Allied Expeditionary Force, he commanded the most powerful force ever assembled under one man. He is one of the few generals ever to command major naval forces; he directed the world's greatest air force; he is the only man ever to command successfully an integrated, multinational alliance of ground, sea, and air forces. He led the assault on the French coast at Normandy, on June 6, 1944, and held together the Allied units through the European campaign that followed, concentrating everyone's attention on a single objective: the defeat of Nazi Germany, completed on May 8, 1945.

46. Video Questions • Remember: Bias • What is socialism? • What role does government play? • What are individual rights? • What is democracy?

47. Are Communist ideas ever right and what is democracy anyway? • Watch clips from Sicko • Socialist medicine • Start-5 minutes • Socialism vs Democracy: 41- 70min • Indonesia and America vs. Britain France

48. Can Socialism and Capitalism Join forces? • Parlevous what now? • 70min- • Won’t it make him lazy for 3 months with pay? If people are given too much do they get lazy and not work? • Whats life like in Sweden?

49. Scored Discussion • What role if any should socialism play in our society?

50. Power of the Poor • Essential Question: After WWII the poor became powerful. Why?