The Cold War Heats Up: China, Korea, and U.S. Foreign Policy

1. Standard Addressed: 11.9 Students analyze U.S. foreign policy since World War II. CH 18-SEC 2 Lesson Objectives: Section 2 - The Cold War Heats Up • 1. Explain how Communists came to power in China and how the United States reacted. • 2. Summarize the events of the Korean War. • 3. Explain the conflict between President Truman and General MacArthur.

2. A BULLDOG ALWAYS Commitment Attitude CARES Respect Encouragement Safety

3. QUIZ! Fill in your ID NUMBER! First & Last Name CH-18-2

4. Section 2 The Cold War Heats Up After World War II, China becomes a communist nation and Korea is split into a communist north and a democratic south. NEXT

5. SECTION 2: THE COLD WAR HEATS UP • CHINA: For two decades, Chinese communists had struggled against the nationalist government of Chiang Kai-Shek The U.S. supported Chiang and gave the Nationalist Party $3 billion in aid during WWII However, Mao Zedong’s Communist Party in China was strong, especially among Chinese peasants

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8. CHINESE CIVIL WAR: 1944-1947 • After Japan left China at the end of the War, Chinese Nationalists and Communists fought a bloody civil war • Mao established the People’s Republic of China MAO

9. CHINESE CIVIL WAR: 1944-1947 • Despite the U.S. sending $ billions to the Nationalists, the Communists under Mao won the war and ruled China • Chiang and the Nationalists fled China to neighboring Taiwan (Formosa) MAO Kai-Shek

10. 1944–47, U.S. sends military aid to Nationalists to oppose communism • 1949, Nationalists flee to island of Taiwan • Communists establish People’s Republic of China in mainland • U.S. does not recognize Communist Chinese government NEXT

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12. MAIN IDEA QUESTIONS • A – What factors led to the Communist takeover in China? • The Nationalist were corrupt and non-supportive of the peasants. • The communist had strong leadership, and they worked to win peasant support.

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15. AMERICA STUNNED • The American public was shocked that China had fallen to the Communists • Many believed containment had failed and communism was expanding • American fear of communism and communist expansion was increasing

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17. KOREAN WAR Soviet controlled • Japan had taken over Korea in 1910 and ruled it until August 1945 • As WWII ended, Japanese troops north of the 38th parallel surrendered to the Soviets • Japanese soldiers south of the 38th surrendered to the Americans • As in Germany, two nations developed, one communist (North Korea) and one democratic (South Korea) U.S. controlled

18. NORTH KOREA ATTACKS SOUTH KOREA • On June 25, 1950, North Korean forces swept across the 38th parallel in a surprise attack on South Korea • With only 500 U.S. troops in South Korea, the Soviets figured the Americans would not fight to save South Korea

19. NORTH KOREA ATTACKS SOUTH KOREA • Instead, America sent troops, planes and ships to South Korea • South Korea calls on UN to stop invasion; Security Council approves • MacArthur put in command of South Korean, U.S., other forces

20. MACARTHUR’S OUNTERATTACK • At first, North Korea seemed unstoppable • However, General MacArthur launched a counterattack with tanks, heavy artillery, and troops • Many North Koreans surrendered; others retreated across the 38th parallel

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22. Captured North Koreans

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24. B – How did Korea become a divided nation after World War II? • North Korea surrendered to the Soviets. • South Korea surrendered to the United States. • Two separate countries emerged; • North Korea and South Korea

25. CHINA JOINS THE FIGHT • Just as it looked like the Americans were going to score a victory in the North, 300,000 Chinese soldiers joined the war on the side of the North Koreans

27. The fight between North and South Korea had turned into a war in which the main opponents were Chinese Communists vs. America

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30. C – How did the involvement of communist China affect the Korean War? • Just as UN forces had overtaken North Korea, • the Chinese entered the war on the side of North Korea and pushed the UN troops southward.

32. MacArthur Wins!

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34. Macarthur: Nukem now!

35. MACARTHUR RECOMMENDS ATTACKING CHINA • To halt the bloody stalemate, General MacArthur called for an extension of the war into China • Furthermore, MacArthur called for the U.S. to drop atomic bombs on several Chinese cities • President Truman rejected the General’s requests

36. MACARTHUR VS. TRUMAN • MacArthur continued to urge President Truman to attack China and tried to go behind Truman’s back – Truman was furious with his general • On April 1, 1951, Truman made the shocking announcement that he had fired MacArthur

37. MACARTHUR VS. TRUMAN • Public outraged over hero’s dismissal • Congressional committee investigation concludes Truman right • Americans were surprised and many still supported their fallen general Macarthur was given a ticker-tape parade

38. D – How did Truman and MacArthur differ over strategy in the Korean War? • MacArthur wanted to wage full-scale nuclear war against China. • Truman wanted to limit the war.

39. AN ARMISTICE IS SIGNED • Negotiators began working on a settlement as early as the summer of 1951 • Finally, in July 1953, an agreement was signed that ended the war in a stalemate (38th parallel) • America’s cost: • 54,000 lives and $67 billion Korean War Memorial, Washington D.C.

40. Executive Order 9981 • an executive order issued on July 26, 1948 by President Harry S. Truman. • It abolished racial discrimination in the United States Armed Forces and eventually led to the end of segregation in the services.

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45. QUIZ! Fill in your ID NUMBER! First & Last Name CH-18-2