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American Foreign Policy Until World War I

American Foreign Policy Until World War I. A Brief Outline. Three Events Shaped American Foreign Policy From 1789-1824. Washington’s Farewell Address War of 1812 Monroe Doctrine. Washington’s Farewell Address.

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American Foreign Policy Until World War I

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  1. American Foreign Policy Until World War I A Brief Outline

  2. Three Events Shaped American Foreign Policy From 1789-1824 • Washington’s Farewell Address • War of 1812 • Monroe Doctrine

  3. Washington’s Farewell Address Established concept of isolation which would dominate US foreign policy until the 20th century.

  4. War of 1812 Illustrated the nation’s willingness to violate the policy of neutrality when it became advantageous to do so

  5. The Monroe Doctrine Stressed the America’s special interests in the Western Hemisphere and remains, with some modifications, viable today.

  6. KEY GUIDING STRATEGEM • No permanent friends, only permanent objectives

  7. Jay Treaty XYZ Affair Louisiana Purchase Embargo & Non-Intercourse Acts War of 1812 Treaty of Ghent Rush-Bagot Treaty Adams-Onie Treaty Some Key Early Decisions

  8. Trends Over Time 1789-1824 • Tendency toward isolation • Creation of more secure borders • Navigation of waterways (Mississippi and later seas) • Increased respect from foreign nations • Increased boldness of some American policy-makers • Links with newly established Latin American nations

  9. The Endless Argument • Should American policy be based on our own national interests (protecting our independence, borders, security, power and interests in peace) or should we take to the “high road” to base our policies on moral principles that could serve as a model for others (human rights, democracy, etc)

  10. John Quincy Adams: Secretary of State to James Monroe 1817-1825 • One of the most successful Secretaries of State in American history. • Had a clear vision of what US policy should be and where it should be headed. • Philosophy: National interests should determine foreign policy.

  11. Adams-Onis Treaty gives Florida (strategic importance) to US, eliminated Spain from contention for Oregon Territory Architect of Monroe Doctrine Adams’ Vision: expansion of US to the Pacific, pursuit of good relations with newly independent nations in Latin America John Quincy Adams: Accomplishments

  12. Original United States + Northwest Territory (1783 GB) Louisana Purchase (1803, FR) British Cession(1818 Rush-Bagot Treaty Spanish Cession (1819, FL- from SP) Texas Annexation (1845) Oregon Country (1846 BR) Mexican Cession (1848 Mex War) Gasden Purchase (1853 Mex) Westward Expansion & Foreign Policy 1783-1853

  13. American Indian Policy • Expansion has implications for American Indians • Resist, co-exist, migrate • Treaty of Greenville, 1795 • Jefferson- Trans-Mississippi “reserve” • Jackson- Indian Removal Act 1830

  14. Major Indian Wars • Old Northwest Territory (Tecumseh, The Prophet, the Fox, etc) • The Creeks (Alabama, Florida, Western Tennessee • Seminole- in Florida

  15. Mexican American War • James K. Polk and Manifest Destiny • Was this war consistent with previous US foreign policy? • Who supported War with Mexico? • Henry Thoreau and Civil Disobedience (jailed because he refused to pay a federal taxes which he believed paid for an unjust war)

  16. Aftermath of the Mexican American War for Indians • Continual Warfare on Great Plains & West • 1870’s movement to Reservations • Battle of Little Big Horn (1876) - one of the few Indian “victories” • The Massacre at Wounded Knee 1890- one of the last of many brutal defeats • Dawes Severality Act, 1887

  17. Late 19th Century Imperialism: The USA Enters the World Stage • Economic motivations: new markets, new resources • Ideas about racial supremacy driven by Social Darwinism • Manifest Destiny-extended • Military considerations (strategic, defensive • Alfred Mahan & “The New Navy: • US exceptionalism

  18. 1896 Republican Party Platform • Strong imperialist platform • Economic expansion guides position • Overseas expansion good for US industry • “sympathy for Cuba”

  19. Spanish American War 1898-1900 • Cuba • “Maine” incident, yellow journalism, jingoism & war fevor • Rough Riders & Teddy Roosevelt • US acquires Philippines, Puerto Rico, Guam

  20. McKinley, Teddy Roosevelt & Taft • McKinley: Open Door Policy • Roosevelt: Panama Canal, Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine, “Walk Softly and Carry a Big Stick • Taft: Dollar Diplomacy (private funds to pursue diplomatic goals

  21. Philippine Revolution Cuba (Platt Amend) Latin American interventions (numerous) Balancing Japan’s growing dominance in Asia with US-Japanese economic ties Panama Canal China: getting a toehold in China trade Pre WWI Imperialism Focal Points

  22. World War I: From Neutrality to Versailles • Traditional neutrality • Challenges to neutrality: u-boats, US business loans, munitions trade, propaganda, some pro-war advocates (TR) • Wilson’s 1916 Pledge: To keep us out of war • Wilson’s 1917 statement to “make the world safe for democracy”

  23. Wilson’s 14 Points & Versailles Treaty & the “Lessons of War” • 14 Points largely disregarded • Fight for Ratification of the Treaty • Henry Cabot Lodge and American Isolationists prevail-reject League of Nations • US returns to its “isolationist” position vis a vis Europe • “Lessons” of WWI, Red Scare & Peace Movement

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