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Human Movement: Basics, Complexities, and Disorders

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  1. Chapter 7 Movements

  2. Outline • Movement basics • Complex movement • Adaptive movement • Movement disorders • Language from movement

  3. Movement basics • Motor homonculus in motor cortex • Which areas are given the most real estate?

  4. Movement basics • Corticospinal tracts • Lateral corticospinal tract • Anterior corticospinal tract • The spinal cord • Transit system for motor neural signals • Reflex responses

  5. Movement basics: Reflex arc

  6. Movement basics: Muscle types

  7. Movement basics: Neuromuscular junction

  8. Complex Movement • Movement requires memory, strength, sensory feedback, and coordination across brain regions

  9. Complex Movement Super advanced robot vs. a child

  10. Complex Movement: Cortex

  11. Complex Movement: Learning

  12. Complex Movement: Basal ganglia • Interconnected nuclei that surround the thalamus • Involved in: • Movement • Habit formation • Attention • Communicates as needed with cerebral cortex

  13. Complex Movement: Basal ganglia

  14. Complex Movement: Cerebellum • Movement coordination, balance, and muscle tone • 10% of the brain’s total volume • 4x more neurons than the cortex

  15. Complex Movement: Cerebellum

  16. Adaptive movement • Optimal actions minimize cost and maximize reward. • Predict how much effort is needed before lifting a box

  17. Adaptive movement • Many species can do complex movements • What are some possible functions for complex movements?

  18. Adaptive movement: Athletics • Novice and expert golfers exhibit different patterns of brain activity when preparing to make a shot. • Becoming an expert usually means automating behavior (less prefrontal cortex)

  19. Adaptive movement: Athletics

  20. Adaptive movement: Athletics • What happens when athletes “overthink” automatic behaviors? • Is “icing the kicker” effective?

  21. Adaptive movement: Exercise • Exercise may help your brain stave off effects of again • Why might exercise be more important now than a few hundred (or thousand) years ago?

  22. Adaptive movement: Exercise

  23. Movement Disorders Add Title here • Parkinson’s disease • Spinal cord injury

  24. Movement Disorders: Parkinson’s

  25. Movement Disorders: Parkinson’s

  26. Movement Disorders: Spinal cord injury • 2.5 million worldwide • Severe impact on quality of life • CNS neurons don’t regrow

  27. Movement Disorders: Spinal cord injury

  28. Movement Disorders: Spinal cord injury Animal models of spinal cord injury are used to develop therapies that may hold promise for human spinal cord injuries.

  29. Language as movement • Protosigns and protolanguage • Similar gestures across some primates

  30. Language as movement • Mirror theory of speech • Motor theory of speech • Genetics also play a role (genes implicated in dyslexis)

  31. Language as movement • Where did we get the sounds used in our language from? • From nature?

  32. Language as movement: Cortex Large language network. Much early knowledge about language in the brain came from patients with lesions in particular areas

  33. Language as movement: Cortex • Language is primarily left-lateralized • Individuals with damage to left hemisphere show some plasticity • Better plasticity for younger people

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