THE COLD WAR

1. THE COLD WAR 1945-1968

2. - Before I got donations from big candy companies, the children of America were sending me donations, and sending me money so we could go to the base exchange and buy the things to drop to the children of Berlin. Gail Halvorsen

3. Map-Germany-1945 Saar RegionSaar AreaSaarland

4. THE COLD WAR The post war tensions that led to the polarization of world powers into Eastern and Western Blocs. It examines the problem that’s that post war Europe and the United States faced and the issues that gave rise to the cold war. Section 1: Describes the steps taken to rebuild Europe, the tensions following decisions made at Yalta and Potsdam, and the efforts taken to contain communism.

5. THE COLD WARSection 1: Increasing Tensions WHO: • Allies - • Winston Churchill - • Clement Attlee - • Winston Churchill - • Joseph (Uncle Joe) Stalin - • President Roosevelt – • President Truman – • http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=12165#

6. THE COLD WARSection 1: Increasing Tensions WHO: • George Kennan – • Basis for US policy for next 30 yrs • Secretary of State George Marshall

7. THE COLD WARSection 1: Increasing Tensions WHAT: • Cold War – • United Nations - • Its purpose – • Satellite Countries • Iron Curtain • Containment • How many people did Stalin kill in his ‘Holocaust’

8. THE COLD WARSection 1: Increasing Tensions WHAT: • Cracks in Alliance • War time alliance began to disintegrate • Western Allies only wanted to stay in Germany until it was stabilized • USSR wanted a buffer zone • Truman Doctrine – • US becomes leader of western world

9. THE COLD WARSection 1: Increasing Tensions WHAT: • Marshall Plan: • COMECON • 1949, NATO • 1955, Warsaw Pact formed in response to NATO

10. THE COLD WARSection 1: Increasing Tensions WHAT: • Divided Germany • June 1948, USSR shuts down land routes to Berlin • Berlin airlift begins • Continuous landing and takeoffs everyday for 11mos • May 1949, USSR ends blockade • Fall 1949, Federal Republic of Germany/West Germany formed • Bonn is the capitol

11. THE COLD WARSection 1: Increasing Tensions WHERE: • Greece – local communist fighting pro-western monarchy • - • 1948, Czechoslovakia taken over by communist • 1956, Hungary – uprising suppressed by Soviet Troops • 1968, Czechoslovakia invaded by USSR

12. Yalta Agreement Key points of the meeting are as follows: Agreement to the priority of the unconditional surrender of Nazi Germany. After the war, Germany and Berlin would be split into four occupied zones. Stalin agreed that France would have a fourth occupation zone in Germany, but it would have to be formed out of the American and British zones. Germany would undergo demilitarization and denazification. German reparations were partly to be in the form of forced labour. (see also Forced labour of Germans in the Soviet Union). The forced labour was to be used to repair damage Germany inflicted on its victims.[8] Creation of a reparation council which would be located in the Soviet Union. The status of Poland was discussed. It was agreed to reorganize the communist Provisional Government of the Republic of Poland that had been installed by the Soviet Union "on a broader democratic basis." The Polish eastern border would follow the Curzon Line, and Poland would receive territorial compensation in the West from Germany. Churchill alone pushed for free elections in Poland.[9] The British leader pointed out that the U.K. "could never be content with any solution that did not leave Poland a free and independent state". Stalin pledged to permit free elections in Poland, but forestalled ever honoring his promise. Citizens of the Soviet Union and of Yugoslavia were to be handed over to their respective countries, regardless of their consent. Roosevelt obtained a commitment by Stalin to participate in the U.N. Stalin requested that all of the 16 Soviet Socialist Republics would be granted U.N. membership. This was taken into consideration, but 14 republics were denied. Stalin agreed to enter the fight against the Empire of Japan within 90 days after the defeat of Germany. Nazi war criminals were to be hunted down and brought to justice. A "Committee on Dismemberment of Germany" was to be set up. Its purpose was to decide whether Germany was to be divided into six nations

13. Homework • Why did the alliance disintegrate after WW II? • Do you think the UN could have helped prevent the establishment of Soviet Satellites? Why or why not? • Why did the Soviet Union seek to control Eastern Europe?

14. THE COLD WARSection 2: The Communist Bloc • Objective: • Describe postwar recovery in Eastern Europe

15. THE COLD WARSection 2: The Communist Bloc • What: Define • Peaceful coexistence - • Intercontinental Ballistic Missile - • Dissidents - • Identify: • De-Stalinization - • Josip Broz Tito - • Alexander Dubcek - • Brezhnev Doctrine - • Answer: Why did East Germany build the Berlin Wall?

16. THE COLD WARSection 2: The Communist Bloc • Soviet Union • Stalin believed that a conflict with the West was inevitable • Increased Soviet industry at the expense of civilian needs • 5 Mar 1953, Stalin dies • 1955 Khrushchev emerges as USSR’s leader • 1956, denounces Stalin’s actions in the past • 1956-64, policy of de-Stalinization • Reduced restrictions, enhanced artistic and intellectual freedoms

17. THE COLD WARSection 2: The Communist Bloc • Cold War Thaw • Khrushchev • Peaceful Coexistence • Emphasized technological/agricultural/modernization efforts • Massive military buildup • Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles pointed at USSR and US • MAD - • 1957, Sputnik launched the USSR into space • 1959 & 60, Khrushchev visits the US • 1 May 1960, what happened

18. THE COLD WARSection 2: The Communist Bloc This pile of wreckage is said to be from the CIA U-2 flown by Gary Francis Powers and shot down by the Russians on May 1, 1960. The U-2 was hit by an SA-2 -- and air warfare was never the same. Powers survived and was held captive for a time, greatly adding to the diplomatic turmoil caused by revelation of the flights.

19. THE COLD WARSection 2: The Communist Bloc • 1961, Khrushchev wants allies out of Berlin • 1962 tries to install nukes in Cuba • 1963, a telephone ‘hot line’ is installed between Moscow and Washington D.C. • 1964, Khrushchev is forced from power after several failures under his leadership • Leonid I Brezhnev – hard line communist • Reverses Khrushchev's de-Stalinization and reinstitutes measures against intellectuals and dissidents • Alexander Solzhenitsyn & Dr Andrei Sakharov

20. THE COLD WARSection 2: The Communist Bloc • Soviet Satellites • Yugoslavia – resisted USSR dominance • Kicked out of international Communist movement • Tito receives economic & diplomatic aid from the west • East Germany – most prosperous of the satellites • 1953, workers uprising/people flee to West Berlin • 1960, Khrushchev orders the building of the Berlin Wallto keep westerners out

21. THE COLD WARSection 2: The Communist Bloc • Poland • 1956, workers revolt in Poznan • 1950s – 1960s, freedoms come and go based on leadership • Hungary • Estates given to workers/ industrialization/poor standard of living • 1956, worker uprising • Soviet troops enter & suppress the revolt

22. THE COLD WARSection 2: The Communist Bloc Czechoslovakia 1948, communist takeover Economy based on Soviet system Massive purges 1968, Alexander Dubcek and democratization Aug 1968, Soviet troops enter

23. THE COLD WARSection 2: The Communist Bloc Homework: What caused the Soviets to intervene in Hungary in 1956? - What was the purpose of the Marshall Plan? In what way was the plan effective? -