Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood: Growth, Brain Development, and Language Acquisition

1. Chapter 7 Physical and cognitive development in early childhood (2-6 years)

2. Physical Development • Body growth • by age ____ body is proportionally similar to that of an adult • _______________ in physical growth: different body systems have unique patterns of maturation

3. Brain development • Lateralization and handedness • hand preference by age 2 (reflects __________________________) • left-handers may use _________ for language (less lateralized) • ___________ - impacts motor control • reticular formation -improved _________ • ______________ -improved thinking

4. Influences on physical growth • Heredity and hormones • ____________________ - Growth disorder (2 to 15 years) caused by emotional deprivation • Short stature, low weight for height • Infectious disease • Most problematic for ________ children • Immunizations prevent most diseases • Childhood injuries • ___________ are leading cause of childhood mortality • factors : ___________, activity level, poverty, __________________, poor day care

5. Motor development • _______ motor skills (improved balance and coordination) • _______ motor development (self-help skills; drawing and writing) • factors affecting motor skills • _______ • body build • ethnicity

6. Cognitive development • Piaget’s preoperational stage – increased ______________ or symbolic activity • Language • Make-believe play ( _____________________ ______________________________________) • socio dramatic play: • ______________________________________ • Are more social • Limitations of preoperational thought • ___________ - inability to take perspective of others • __________ - believing inanimate objects have lifelike qualities

7. Cognitive development • Lack of conservation ( awareness that certain physical characteristics of objects stay the same despite changes in outward appearance) • __________ • Focus on one aspect and neglect others • ____________ • Easily distracted by concrete appearance of objects • States versus transformations • The initial and final state of problem are unrelated. • Irreversibility • Inability to follow series of steps in a problem and _____________________

8. According to Piaget, the most likely reason that a 4-year-old cannot solve a conservation-of-liquid problem is that A. he does not perceive the difference in appearance between the water levels in the two glasses. B. the child’s attention is captured by the height of the water and she finds it difficult to also consider the widths of the glasses. C. the child does not understand that the amount of water in the two glasses is the same prior to the transformation D. the child does not understand the point of the question, “Is there the same amount of water is each glass, or does one have more?”

9. Vgotsky’s sociocultural theory • Private Speech • Piaget • ___________: Children speaking to themselves • Vygotsky • Children speak to themselves for self-guidance.

10. Information processing Attention • short time involved in tasks, difficulty focusing on details, easily distracted • memory • recognition ability is superior to recall • rehearsal and categorization • _____________- awareness of own memory processes; ___________ - awareness of own thought processes • Scripts - ___________________________________ ______________________________________

11. Language development • Vocabulary • By 6, around 10,000 words • Grammar • ________________________: Application of regular grammatical rules to words that are exceptions • Supporting language development • Expansions:__________________________________________________ • ________: Responses that restructure children's incorrect speech into a more mature form

12. Frances says, “We goed to the circus,” and her father replies, “Yes, we went to the circus with your cousin Tony.” her father’s reply contains examples of A. turnabout and shading B. expansions and turnabout C. recasts and expansions D. shading and recasts