Environmental Science: Toward a Sustainable Future Richard T. Wright

1. Environmental Science: Toward a Sustainable Future Richard T. Wright Chapter 6 Population and Development

2. Population and Development Chapter Topics: • Reassessing the demographic transition • Promoting development – good and bad news • A new direction: social modernization • The Cairo conference

3. What Is Unique about Kerala? Beautiful beaches, red sands, coconut trees and people full of love… 33 million people occupying an area the size of Kentucky. One of the most densely populated region in the world. Banana trees and rice paddies, eastern Kerala, India.

4. Kerala When Compared to the Rest of India • Life expectancy71 years versus 61 for India • Infant mortality17/1,000 versus 72/1,000 for India • Fertility rate1.8versus 3.3 for India Nurses treating woman’s leg in the hospital attached to Nursing school at Muttuchira, Kerela, India.

5. Kerala When Compared to India • 95%Literacy Rate • All villages in state have access to school and modern health services • Women as well educated as men Classroom at Saint Anthony’s English medium school, Karottukara, Kerala, India.

6. In Brief, This Chapter Is About • Improving the lives of people • Reducing fertility rates • Protecting the environment

7. 6.1 Reassessing the Demographic Transition 3 Key Points International Conference on Population and Development (1994): • Development must be linked to a reduction in poverty • Existing poverty is an affront to humanity and should not be tolerated • Both poverty and development are threats to the health of the environment

8. 6.1 Demographic Transition: Developed and Developing Countries • Developed countries:decrease in birth rates along with decrease in death rates rapid growth never occurred. • Developing countries: birth and death rates remain high until mid-1900s. Modern medicine caused drastic drop in death rates, but birth rates remained high  rapid population growth.

9. 6.1 The Demographic Window As countries experience gradually decreasing fertility, the dependency ratio (working-age population relative to non-working age) declines and opportunities fordevelopment increase. Society can put in place population and economic policies that are consistent with poverty reduction and economic expansion. Can spend less $ on new schools and old-age medical expenses…

10. 6.1 Fertility Rate and Income There is a correlation between income and lower total fertility. Factors that affect fertility more directly are health care, education for women, availability of information and services related to contraception.

11. 6.1 Reasons for Large Families in Developing Countries • Old age security • High infant and childhood mortality rates • Children are an economic asset (“helping hands”) • Low importance of education • Status of women (depends on # of children she bears) • Availability of contraceptives

12. 6.1 The Poverty Cycle • Increasing population density leads to a greater depletion of rural community resources • firewood, • water, and • land, • Encourages couples to have more children to help gather resources, and so on…

13. 6.1 How the Work Gets Done in Developing Countries

14. 6.1 Discuss Interrelationships of Factors Influencing Family Size How does each country view the following factors? • Importance of education and children viewed as economic assets or liabilities • Status of women and importance of education • Income and old age security • Cultural views on child-bearing • Contraceptive use and availability

15. 6.1 Contraceptive Prevalence and Fertility Rates More than any other single factor, lowering fertility rates are correlated with the percentage of the population using contraceptives. Each 12% increase in contraceptive use translates into one less child. Fertility Rate Percent Using Contraceptive

16. 6.1 Contraceptives • Psychological/Behavioral: abstention, calendar rhythm method • Mechanical: condoms, diaphragms • Chemical: the pill, Norplant, sponge, spermicide cream • Surgical: tubal ligation, vasectomy • Intrauterine Devices (IUD): abortion device

17. 6.1 Contraceptives: Vasectomy No-scalpel technique, the abdominal and testicular ends of vas is identified through a small puncture hole for microscopic reconnection. (Conventional technique makes a large incision and delivers testis out to identify both ends of vas and make microscopic reconnection.

18. 6.1 Contraceptives: Vasectomy

19. 6.1 Contraceptive Use and Fertility Rates

20. 6.1 Adult Female Illiteracy: A Global Comparison • Social structure in developing countries discourages/bars women from obtaining a higher education, owning land, owning a business, pursuing a career • Forces women to do the only thing they can dobear children RESPECT!

21. 6.2: Promoting Development: Good and Bad News Section Topics: • Millennium development goals • World agencies at work • The debt crisis • Development aid

22. 6.2 Some Sobering Facts • One-fifth of the world’s population (1.2 billion) live on less than $1/day • 1.5 billion lack access to clean drinking water • 2.4 billion lack access to sanitary facilities

23. 6.2 Some Sobering Facts • 790 million are malnourished • Environmental degradation is rampant • Fertility rates highest in poorest countries

24. 6.2 Millennium Development Goals The following goals were adopted by all U.N. members at the U.N. Millennium Summit in 2000. (target date: 2015) Goal 1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger Goal 2. +Achieve universal primary education Goal 3. Promote gender equality and empower women Goal 4. -Reduce child mortality Alemaya University, East Africa

25. 6.2 Millennium Development Goals Goal 5. Improve maternal health Goal 6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases Goal 7. Ensure environmental sustainability Goal 8. Forge a global partnership for development An AIDS patient with Kaposi's sarcoma. Malaria patient in Kenya.

26. 6.2 Millennium Development Goal

27. 6.2 World Agencies at Work: The World Bank The World Bank functions as a special agency under the U.N. umbrella, owned by the countries that provide its funds. • Formed in 1944 to help countries ravaged by WW II • Composed of 5 agencies • International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) • International Development Association (IDA)- aims at reducing poverty through loans and advisory services (interest-free) • International Finance Corporation (IFC)- works through private sector to promote economic development • Lends money to governments of developing nations at below market rates • Helped initiate the Millennium Development Goals • Environmental strategy: Making Sustainable Commitments

28. World Agencies at Work: The World Bank Bad Bank • Loaned India $1 Billion to create 5 coal-burning power plants • Funded projects for growing cash crops for export • Destroyed fertile farmland for plants • Power goes to distant cities/not to poor • Displaced poor rural farmers/moved to infertile land • Increased absolute poverty/pollution • Funded Large-scale hydroelectric dams • Displaced poor • Exacerbated poverty • Loaned $1.5 Billion to Latin America to clear millions of acres of tropical forests for large cattle operations • Export beef to fastfood restaurants in the US

29. World Bank Reform Good Bank World Bank now has adopted three interrelated objectives: • Improving the quality of life • Protecting long-term natural ecosystems • Reducing health risks • air pollution • waterborne diseases • toxic chemicals • Helping to prevent natural hazards • Improving the quality of growth • Promoting good government • Creating outlets for environmental goods and services • Improving the quality of the regional and global commons • Focus on positive links between reducing poverty and protecting the environment

30. 6.2 The Debt Crisis Over time, developing countries as a group have become increasingly indebted: • $2.44 trillion debt in 2001 • The typical credit–debt trap as interest gets added to debt • Creditor countries primary beneficiaries • 2001- Developing countries received $260 billion in new loans • Paid back $260 billion in principal and $122 billion in interest = paid $382 billiontotal(Who really benefits?)

31. 6.2 Coping with the Debt Crisis In order to keep up with loan payments, poor countries: • Grow cash crops • At the expense of peasant farmers growing food • Hunger/poverty/malnutrition have increased • Develop austerity measures • Cut funds for schools/health clinics/police protection • Exploit natural resources • Logging forests • Extraction of minerals Traditional gem mining in Sri Lanka • ***All liquidate ecosystem capitol to raise $ for short-term needs • ***Do not represent sustainability!

32. 6.2 Development Aid Jubilee 2000: Worldwide coalition of people and organizations concerned about poverty. (Name from Biblical concept of canceling debts every 50 years). Extracted promise from the G7 group of industrialized nations to cancel the $100 billion loans to the HIPCs.

33. 6.3 A New Direction: Social Modernization Developing countries must make the following efforts within their own country on behalf of their poor: • Improving education for girls and women • Improving health and lowering infant mortality • Making family planning accessible • Enhancing income through employment opportunities • Improving resource management

34. 6.3 The Greatest Challenge to Health Care in Developing Countries • AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) • Best hope is to convince people to change their sexual behavior Effect of AIDS on Future Population Structure

35. AIDS Cases in Major Cities - Dec. 2005 Charlotte - 2,988 Greensboro/High Point - 1,215 Raleigh - 1,813 Total Living with HIV - 11,130

36. 6.3 Impacts of AIDS Epidemic • 90% of all HIV-infected people (50 million by 2004) live in developing countries • Life expectancy in Botswana was 61 years in 1980 – now 39 years • One million elementary students lost teachers • 25 million AIDS orphans in developing world by 2010

37. 6.3 Family Planning • Counseling on: STDs, contraceptives, spacing children, pregnancy avoidance • Supplying contraceptives • Pre- and postnatal care • Prevention and treatment of STDs

38. 6.3 Employment and Income: Grameen Bank Loans (Microlending) Grameen Bank Loans:Started by Muhammad Yunus (Economics professor in Bangladesh) • Microlending to the poor- avg. loan is $67 • Primarily to women • Do not upset existing social structure • Utilize local resources • Utilize central work places • Help develop self-reliance Muhammad Yunus visits Grameen Bank Centers and loan holders, who are mostly women.

39. 6.3 Resource Management • The world’s poor depend on local ecosystem capital resources. • Advisory and training services are empowering the poof to: • Replant trees • Prevent erosion • Resource management • Educational programs In Niger, Trees and Crops Turn Back the Desert In Ague, Niger, where replanting trees helped alleviate the effects of a famine in 2005, boys operate a foot pump to draw water for irrigation.

40. 6.3 Putting It All Together: Social Development This diagram shows how the 5 main aspects of enhancing the well-being of the poor are mutually supportive of, and dependent on, one another.

41. 6.4 The 1994 Cairo Conference • All nations agreed that population is an issue of crisis proportions that must be confronted forthrightly. • Formulated the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development Program of Action (ICPD Program of Action)

42. 6.4 The 1994 ICPD Program of Action • Maintaining and enhancing productivity of natural resources • Empowerment of women • Emphasis on family

43. 6.4 The 1994 ICPD Program of Action • Enhancing reproductive and basic health of women and children • Improve education opportunities for women • Reduce population migrations • International cooperation (0.7% GNP of developed world)

44. End of Chapter 6