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Energy and CO 2 intensities over the 19th and 20th centuries : Sweden versus Spain

Energy and CO 2 intensities over the 19th and 20th centuries : Sweden versus Spain. Astrid Kander and M.del Mar Rubio (Univ.Lund, Sweden) (UPF, Barcelona, Spain). rationale for long time perspective. energy/GDP and CO2/GDP over time:

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Energy and CO 2 intensities over the 19th and 20th centuries : Sweden versus Spain

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  1. Energy and CO2 intensities over the 19th and 20th centuries: Sweden versus Spain Astrid Kander and M.del Mar Rubio (Univ.Lund, Sweden) (UPF, Barcelona, Spain)

  2. rationale for long time perspective • energy/GDP and CO2/GDP over time: • Pevious studies find an Environmental Kutznets Curve (EKC) BUT: • Moststudies are based on data from the 1950s • Our study begans a century earlier, 1850 • Previous studies only account for modern energies • Our study includes traditional forms of energy • The studies focus mostly on industrialised countries • We compare two rather different countries: • Climate, natural endowment, size and economic development

  3. About the data • Sweden: A.Kander (2002) • Spain: • Modern energy: C.Sudriá, Carreras and official statistics re-elaborated by M.Rubio • Traditional energies: • firewood estimates by M.Rubio from public woodlands • Draft animal and human energy: estimates by M.Rubio using cattle and population official statistics • CO2: M.Rubio estimates based on modern energy data For comparisons, GDP figures taken from Maddison (2001)

  4. Historical trends in GDP and energy consumption per capita

  5. Very different compossition of the energy carriers

  6. Where to go from here? • Need to find out what explains increases and decreases in energy intensities: • Technological change? • May induce increases at the initial stages • As technology improves energy intensity would decline • Structural change? • Changes accross sectors rather than within sectors • Agriculture>>industry>>services • A combination of both?

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