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General EU Data

General EU Data. EU data. 1951 treaty of Paris: Coal & Steel community 1957 treaty of Rome: EEC: Belgium, Germ, Lux, Neth, Italy & France. EU data. 1973 UK, Denmark + Ireland joined 1981 Greece, 1986 - Spain & Portugal 1995 ; Austria, Finland Sweden. EU data.

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General EU Data

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  1. General EU Data

  2. EU data • 1951 treaty of Paris: Coal & Steel community • 1957 treaty of Rome: EEC: Belgium, Germ, Lux, Neth, Italy & France

  3. EU data • 1973 UK, Denmark + Ireland joined • 1981 Greece, 1986- Spain & Portugal • 1995; Austria, Finland Sweden

  4. EU data • May 2004 AC 10 join: Slovenia, Slovak, Pol, Cyprus, Czech Reb, Esto, Lat, Lith, Malta, Hungary • Bring EU members to 25 • Pop = 451 mill

  5. EU data • Land area 4 mill km2 • USA - 9.3mill Km2 pop only 274 mill • Aim of EU: promote harmonious economic development > Q of life ^

  6. EU data • 1973 UK, Denmark + Ireland joined • 1981 Greece, 1986- Spain & Portugal • 1995; Austria, Finland Sweden

  7. Regional development Mezzogiorno- Southern Italy

  8. Mezzogiorno • Italy- Social & Economic dualism- Rich North (Po basin) Poor south • Mezz contains 20,500,000 people (36% pop) • Only contributes 25% GDP

  9. Mezzogiorno • V catholic area> high pop growth • Agriculture based: More than half of Italy’s farming pop • Out migration: wages in south 40% of North

  10. Mezzogiorno • Reasons for poverty: • History of Invasion • Mediterranean climate- anticyclones in summer- unreliable rain at wrong time- not growing season

  11. Mezzogiorno • Crap topography- only 1/8 region flat & ideal for cultivation • Geology mostly dolomitic limestone or claylands- created by geosyncline (tectonics)

  12. Mezzogiorno • Latifundia system: near feudal - land owned by landlords often in North • Peasants work land and pay a % of their crop as rent

  13. Mezzogiorno • Farmers don’t own land so have little incentive to invest in it • “Ecology of backwardness” • Land reform abolished this system

  14. Mezzogiorno • Land reform: • by 1965: 535,000 hectares redistributed to 91,000 households of labourers • Farm co-operatives created

  15. Mezzogiorno • Solution: Casa per il Mezzogiorno - spent £1,000 mill between 1955-1970 • Money from ERDF (for areas below 90% EU average development) and ESF

  16. Mezzogiorno • First thing to improve was agriculture via: • Land reform, Irrigation, infrastructure (roads also help industry), & subsidy of agricultural industries

  17. Mezzogiorno • Tried to Industrialise area based on growth pole strategy; multiplier affect • Develop S industrial triangle: Taranto, Brindisi & Bari

  18. Mezzogiorno • Encourage factories to Move: Fiat plant > Melfi • by subsidies and taxes in original locations • New plants eg Taranto steel works

  19. Mezzogiorno • Successes: employment^ eg: T steel wrks employs 6,000 • produced 10.5mill tonnes of steel in 1974 (heavily subsidised unfair?)

  20. Mezzogiorno • Multiplies effect not happened significantly; • Many factories flopped > “Museums in the desert” • Centralised control; locals didn’t have a say

  21. Mezzogiorno • However Quality of life has increased in south: • More phone lines, better water supply> irrigation> 15% increase in agric output • illiteracy rate 1951 25%, 1981 <5%

  22. Ruhr Regional Development West Germany

  23. Ruhr • Was once the heavy industry (coal&steel) centre of Germany • Essen- Europe's largest coal mining city, and with pop of 5.4 mill

  24. Ruhr • In second world war area badly damaged by firestorm bombing • After war globalisation> competition from S Korea etc

  25. Ruhr • Most accessible coal reserves were exhausted> • Unemployment, this & pollution> Out migration • “sick man of Europe”

  26. Ruhr • ERDF & ESF stepped in to diversify areas industry • Lose secondary industry + develop tertiary Ind eg: • Power, environmental tech, telecoms, medical tech etc

  27. Ruhr • Eg Geloenkirchen- worlds largest solar cell producer • ESF promoted further education> create skilled workforce> • Attract high tech industry

  28. Ruhr • Infrastructure improved + universities promoted • Several imp projects eg: Emscher landscape park; a 320km2 green corridor on Emscher river

  29. Ruhr • At Oberhausen a disused gasometer has been converted to the largest exhibition hall in Europe • At Zentrum old coal mine buildings> Europe’s 1st large shopping centre

  30. Ruhr • Duisberg- worlds largest inland harbour • Using Imagination and Innovation the area has turned around its economic misfortune

  31. Ruhr • 71% of employment is now in the tertiary sector • Air pollution has fallen on average by 50% • employment in coal 450 K 1975> 50K 1999

  32. Fishing facts + Figs

  33. Fishing facts + Figs • Fishing is <1% EU GDP • Employs < 250,000 people • But many communities eg in NE Scotland; Peterhead, completely dependant on fishing

  34. Fishing facts + Figs • Fishing supports other industries eg Ship building in UK employs 50,000 • CFP introduced in 1983 to regulate fishing via quotas, decommissioning & support for communities

  35. Fishing facts + Figs • Fish stocks seen serious decline: • 1985-1999 white fish stocks (eg cod, haddock) declined by 43% • June 2000 all 9 commercial stocks outside safe biological limits

  36. Fishing facts + Figs • Especially bad in certain areas eg Grand Banks of Newfoundland, once worlds most productive cod fishery, 1992 closed. • Cod have still not returned

  37. Fishing facts + Figs • Reasons: pollution (agric runoff)> eutrophication, & habitat destruction by deep sea trawlers • But mostly due to overfishing

  38. Fishing facts + Figs • Too many ships: 97,000 vessels in 1999 • Ships too efficient: use sonar + GPS to pinpoint shoals of fish, • largest ships can land 50 tonnes of fish per hour

  39. Fishing facts + Figs • CFP set quotas eg UK N sea cod: 34,400 tonnes in 2000- slashed to 18,900 tonnes in 2001 • Scrap ships: 7% scrapped 45% tied up & not used

  40. Fishing facts + Figs • FIFG (Financial Instrument for Fisheries Guidance) helps areas like Peterhead (Scotland) by diversifying economy, re-training workforce etc

  41. Fishing facts + Figs • CFP has not been highly successful; fish stocks have continued to fall as scientists ignored to compromise with industry • More fisheries had to be closed eg Irish sea cod

  42. Fishing facts + Figs • Level of Hypocrisy: • CFP gave UK subsidy of £70 mill to build new vessels • Argue it protects 50,000 ship builder’s jobs

  43. Fishing facts + Figs • Fishing in EU not sustainable • Policy making may be more effective if devolved to national level, this successful in Iceland for past 25 years

  44. Trans-national problems Acid rain

  45. Acid Rain • 1979: convention on long range Trans boundary air pollution • In Sweden 10,000 of 85,000 lakes acidified> dead fishes

  46. Acid Rain • Also pine forests stressed: • Acid rain leaches nutrients from podzol • Toxic Aluminium builds up: Stunted trees, needle loss

  47. Acid Rain • Acid rain exported downwind by prevailing wind from industrial areas eg N UK & N Germany • Caused by Sulphur dioxide & Nitrous oxides

  48. Trans-national probs North sea pollution

  49. North sea pollution • Major rivers eg Rhine discharge into N sea: • Nitrates(agric) and sewage sludge> • eutrophication> low O2 in water > fish die, esp benthic fish (bottom feeders)

  50. North sea pollution • Toxic chemicals (heavy metals, organic pollutants eg pcbs • Chemicals move up food chain> humans • 1980 N sea conference

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