Genetics Vocabulary Test Review

1. Genetics VocabularyTest Review Learning goal (7.L.2) I will be able to describe, explain, and apply my knowledge of the relationship of the mechanisms of cellular reproduction, patterns of inheritance and external factors to potential variation and survival among offspring.

2. A trait or characteristic that is developed or learned through life. Traits you aren’t born with. Traits GENERALLY not controlled by DNA. Examples: walking, speaking English, dyed hair, pierced ears, glasses, skin cancer? McDougal Littell p. C101 Acquired trait

3. A trait that you are born with which is passed to you through your parents’ genes. Trait that is controlled by DNA. Examples: eye color, hair color, widow’s peak, dimples Inherited trait

4. Passing of genes from parent to offspring. Not the passing of traits but the genetic code for the expression of traits. Examples: genetic tendency for hair color, eye color, height, blood type Heredity

5. A chemical that contains information for an organism’s growth and functions. It is the genetic material in cells. Example: deoxyribonucleic acid DNA McDougal Littell p. C74

6. The physical structure in a cell that contains the cell’s genetic material. DNA is wrapped around proteins like a thread around a spool and compacted into chromosomes. Examples: 46 chromosomes mapped in the Human Genome Project Chromosome McDougal Littell p. C75 McDougal Littell p. C147

7. A unit of heredity that occupies a specific location on a chromosome and codes for a particular product. Examples: Genes code for the expression of traits. Genes come from your parents. BB, Bb for brown eyes or hair Gene McDougal Littell p. C102

8. The various forms of the same gene Examples: A DNA sequence that codes for a gene such as BB, Bb, Tt, Gg, Yy. May occur in pairs or multiples. Allele McDougal Littell p. C102

9. Genes an organism has. It describes the genes that code for traits. Examples: GG, Ss, TT CC, Cc, or cc for determining Tongue rolling. Genotype CC, Cc cc

10. Physical traits that are observed or present. Examples: Blue eyes, sickle cell anemia Phenotype Curly or straight hair

11. An allele that is expressed in the phenotype when only one copy is present in the genotype. Examples: brown hair, brown eyes, tall, tongue roller RR or Rr Dominant

12. An allele that is expressed in the phenotype only when two copies of it are present. Example: blue eyes, blonde or red hair, short McDougal Littell p. C107 Recessive It is possible for two brown-haired parents to have a blonde-haired child.

13. An Austrian monk who performed the first major experiments investigating heredity during the mid-1800s. Examples: investigated the inheritance of traits among pea plants Gregor Mendel Prentice Hall p. C80

14. Pea Plants McDougal Littell p. C105

15. A tool for illustrating how the parents’ alleles might combine in offspring. Shows how patterns of heredity can be predicted. Punnett square McDougal Littell p. C113

16. A genetic cross using a single trait with two alleles. Example: The allele for green pod color (G) is dominant and the allele for yellow pod color (g) is recessive. The cross-pollination between a P generation green pod plant and a P generation yellow pod plant results in all green offspring. All genotypes are (Gg). Monohybrid Cross

17. A trait where both alleles are identical. Another term is purebred which means an organism that produces offspring with the same form of a trait as the parent. Example: SS tt bb The dominant trait for eye color is brown, represented by BB. All other eye colors – blue, grey, green, and hazel – are recessive traits, represented by bb. A homozygous brown eyed person would have the BB gene, while a homozygous blue eyed person would have the bb gene. Homozygous

18. A trait where the two alleles are different. Hybrid is another term used to describe this trait. Examples: HhTt Cc Heterozygous

19. Any change in DNA Causes: errors when DNA is copied before cell division or environmental such as exposure to harmful chemicals, x-rays, or UV radiation Mutation Albino Loggerhead turtle @ Pine Knoll Shores Aquarium

20. A disease or condition that results from mutations that affect the normal functioning of a cell. Examples: inherited (Tay-Sachs disease, Cystic Fibrosis, Albinism) Albinism Genetic Disorder

21. A recessive disorder in which the red blood cells take on a sickle shape. It takes two copies of the recessive allele to be expressed. Sickle Cell Anemia McDougal Littell p. C147

22. A protein that carries oxygen in red blood cells. Important for oxygen delivery to the body tissues. Without enough oxygen tissues become damaged. Example: normal hemoglobin undergoes mutation to code for sickle cell anemia Hemoglobin McDougal Littell p. C146

23. Huntington disease is a disorder in which nerve cells in certain parts of the brain waste away, or degenerate. This disorder is passed down through families and only requires one copy of the dominant allele to have the disease. Huntington’s Disease

24. A diagram of family relationships that includes two or more generations. Used to track genetic disorders as to who has the disease and who is a carrier. Pedigree

25. The genes of organisms within a population change. Genetic Variation

26. A type of reproduction in which male and female reproductive cells combine to form offspring with genetic material from both cells. Produces genetic variation. Examples: multicellular organisms---humans, animals, birds, fish, certain plants Sexual reproduction

27. One organism produces one or more new organisms that are identical to itself and live independently of it. Asexual reproduction McDougal Littell p. C88 McDougal Littell p. C89

28. A special kind of cell division that produces haploid cells (gametes). These cells contain half the usual number of chromosomes (one from each pair). Meiosis McDougal Littell p. C124

29. Chromosomes condense. The nuclear membrane disappears. Prophase l McDougal Littell p. C121

30. Chromosomes arrange as pairs in the middle of the cell. Metaphase l McDougal Littell p. C121

31. The homologs of each chromosome pair separate and are pulled to opposite ends of the cell. Anaphase l McDougal Littell p. C121

32. The cell divides into two daughter cells. Telophase l and Cytokinesis McDougal Littell p. C121

33. Each chromosome is made up of two or more copies of a homolog, two chromatids. Prophase ll McDougal Littell p. C121

34. Each chromosome lines up in the middle of the cell. Metaphase ll McDougal Littell p. C121

35. The chromatids split forming individual chromosomes. The separated homologs are pulled to opposite ends of the cell. Anaphase ll McDougal Littell p. C121

36. Both cells divide, producing four 1n (haploid) cells. Telophasell and Cytokinesis McDougal Littell p. C121

37. The process that takes place when a sperm and an egg combine to form one new cell. Fertilization McDougal Littell p. C118

38. Cells that contain half the usual number of chromosomes (one chromosome from each pair.) Examples: 1n cells (haploid cells) Egg – a gamete that forms in the reproductive organs of a female Sperm – a gamete that forms in the reproductive organs of a male Gametes

39. Dawdle (verb) Definition: to waste time; to be idle; to spend more time doing something than is necessary So quit dawdling and be sure you spend time studying for the Genetics Test! Vocabulary Word of the Week