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World War I

Goal 8. World War I. Militarism – building up a nation’s armed forces Alliances – an agreement between 2 or more countries to help one another if attacked Imperialism – led to competition between European powers; each wanted more influence and resources than the others

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World War I

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  1. Goal 8 World War I

  2. Militarism – building up a nation’s armed forces Alliances – an agreement between 2 or more countries to help one another if attacked Imperialism – led to competition between European powers; each wanted more influence and resources than the others Nationalism – an extreme pride in one’s own country; the belief that it is better than any other country Factors Leading to WWI

  3. Archduke Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary visits Sarajevo, Bosnia on June 28th, 1914 • Archduke is heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary; he’s in Bosnia to give them political representation • He’s assassinated by Serbian nationalists (Black Hand) • Austria-Hungary holds Serbia responsible; Germany supports declaration of war The Start of WWI

  4. Alliance System: each nation had treaties with other nations • Conflict with Serbia & Austria-Hungary causes alliances to trigger; most of Europe to brought into the conflict • Allied Powers • France, Russia, Great Britain, Serbia • Central Powers • Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria Alliances

  5. Alliances of World War I

  6. Most Europeans excited about war; thought it would end by Christmas 1914 • War quickly turns into a stalemate • Western front w/ trench warfare (France) • Eastern front (Russia) • Southern front (Greece & Ottoman Empire) • War becomes war of attrition (who can wear out the other side) • New technology leads to massive casualty totals • Machine gun • Poisonous gas • Tanks • Airplanes • Artillery guns & shells • No major shifts of power between 1914-1917 War from a Global Perspective

  7. US decides to stay neutral-Isolationism • Most Americans don’t see conflict as “our problem” • President Wilson’s foreign policy towards Europe • US had no enemies; no need to pick a side • US focus needed to be on Western Hemisphere • Mexico, Latin American countries, etc. • Wilson will run for re-election in 1916, vowing to keep US out of war • Some Americans want us to enter the war • Propaganda used against Germans/Central Powers America’s Perspective

  8. For over a century, U.S. had proud tradition of isolationism from Europe. • Wilson needed to instill burning idealism to inspire Americans to fight • Twin goals: • "Make the world safe for democracy" as a crusade •    ”A war to end war“ • U.S. did not fight for profit or territorial conquest. • U.S. wanted to shape an international order in which democracy could flourish without fear of autocracy and militarism. • Wilson genuine in his belief in democratic ideals and U.S. as a world model. • Result: Persuaded Americans to embark on the crusade Woodrow Wilson and his Idealism

  9. Britain blockades Europe to keep Germans from getting supplies; Germans counter w/ “U-Boats” • Unrestricted Sub Warfare – attack all ships going to Great Britain or France • Lusitania – passenger ship sank in 1915 (132 Americans killed) • Germany signs “Sussex Pledge” promising to stop Unrestricted Sub Warfare US Finally Enters the War

  10. Zimmerman Note – letter from Germany to Mexico trying to get them to attack US • Russian Revolution – Russia withdraws from war, ending two-front war (forced to give up Poland to Germany) • Germans break Sussex Pledge, continue sub warfare • Wilson asks for a declaration of war against Germany • “make the world safe for democracy” • Jeanette Rankin – 1st female in Congress – votes “no” America in WWI

  11. US Military not ready to fight (only 200,000 enlisted) • Selective Service Act – May 1917 • Had to register w/ government for draft • 24 million register, 3 million drafted • American Expeditionary Force (AEF) led by General John J. Pershing • Training period of 8 months • Shipping becomes necessity • Shipyard employees given draft exemption • Convoy system used to protect merchant ships • Black soldiers • 400,000 sign up (army) • Most given non-combat duties (ie – cooks) • 369th Infantry saw most frontline duty during war (most decorated) • Women volunteer as secretaries & nurses Americans in War

  12. American Convoy System used during WWI

  13. Women took over for men in factories • War Industries Board (WIB) - created to regulate economy & war effort • Led by Bernard Baruch • Liberty Bonds Domestic Affairs

  14. Committee on Public Information – created propaganda to get support for the war • Led by George Creel

  15. Food Administration - created to produce & conserve food • Led by Herbert Hoover • Victory garden • Meatless Mondays • Fuel Administration • Daylight savings time • Voluntary Domestic Affaris

  16. Anti-immigrant hysteria, especially against Germans • Espionage & Sedition Acts • Limits free speech • Over 2000 people prosecuted • Unions & socialists targeted & persecuted • Eugene V. Debs jailed for 10 years • Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) accused of “sabotage” b/c they urged workers to strike • Leads to Schenck v. US, 1919 • Espionage & Sedition Acts declared constitutional • “Clear and Present Danger” Domestic Problems

  17. US troops give new life to Allies, but did minimal fighting (compared to others) • Nicknamed “doughboys” • Central powers weaken • Germany tries 1 last attack in Summer of 1918 (unsuccessful) • Central powers begin to crumble • Austria-Hungary surrenders in early Nov. • German Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicates the throne on Nov. 9th • Germans call for an armistice on Nov. 11th, 1918 (11-11 @ 11am) End of Fighting Overseas

  18. Treaty of Versailles, 1919 • “Big Four” meet to discuss outcome of war • France & Great Britain look to punish Germany; Italy is indifferent • President Wilson proposes “14 Points”, looks to rebuild Europe Treaty of Versailles

  19. There should be an end to all secret diplomacy amongst countries. Freedom of the seas in peace and war The reduction of trade barriers among nations The general reduction of armaments The adjustment of colonial claims in the interest of the inhabitants as well as of the colonial powers The evacuation of Russian territory and a welcome for its government to the society of nations The restoration of Belgium 14 Points

  20. The evacuation of all French territory, including Alsace-Lorraine The readjustment of Italian boundaries along clearly recognizable lines of nationality Independence for various national groups in Austria-Hungary The restoration of the Balkan nations and free access to the sea for Serbia Protection for minorities in Turkey and the free passage of the ships of all nations through the Dardanelles Independence for Poland, including access to the sea A league of nations to protect "mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small nations alike 14 Points continued

  21. France & Britain reject Wilson’s plan, only give him League of Nations • Germany given sole blame, loses all colonies, military limited, territory lost, must pay war debt ($33 Billion) • Separate treaties signed w/ other Central powers • Russia left out of treaty process; fuels anger towards West • Heavy burden on Germany will lead to rise of Nazi party & WWII • Wilson brings treaty home, but Congress refuses to accept it • Henry Cabot Lodge leads conservatives against treaty • US does not join League of Nations; begins policy of Isolationism Treaty of Versailles Continued

  22. Europe is ruined • 9 million dead • 22 million casualties • Economies of several nations destroyed • Estimated cost of war $350 Billion • New countries created (Poland, Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia) After Effects of the War

  23. U.S became world's economic & political leader (notwithstanding its isolationism) • Russian Revolution ultimately instituted communism (tremendous impact until 1992) • USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) After Effects Continued

  24. The Big Four leaders at Versailles (Britain, France, Italy, US)

  25. Warren G Harding vs. James M. Cox • Harding will run on a platform • Ambiguous on the issue of the League of Nations. • Harding spoke of returning America to "normalcy“ Election of 1920

  26. Result:   • Harding d. Cox • First time full-suffrage for women in national election. • Results displayed public desire for change from idealism, moral overstrain, and self-sacrifice. • Isolationists turned results into a death sentence for the League of Nations. • Later, the U.S. would bear part of the blame for WWII as it undercut the League of Nations by refusing to join it. • Security Treaty with France also rejected by the Senate. • France then undertook to build a powerful military in the face of increased German power and lack of U.S. support. Result of the Election

  27. Germany, fearing France’s buildup, embarked on an even more vigorous rearmament program under Hitler.  U.S. thus spurred an opportunity to emerge as a world leader and to shape world events for the benefit of peace. Two main causes for the failure of peace: The Great Depression (precipitating cause) War psychosis" (dubbed by Wilson and others): hatreds raised up in Europe by a war that lasted so long that Europe’s leaders lost all perspective Election COntinued

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