COLD WAR CONFLICTS

1. COLD WAR CONFLICTS U.S vs. U.S.S.R.

2. Section 2 The Cold War Heats Up After World War II, China becomes a communist nation and Korea is split into a communist north and a democratic south. NEXT

3. Learning Objectives:Section 2 - The Cold War Heats Up • 1. Explain how Communists came to power in China and how the United States reacted.2. Summarize the events of the Korean War.3. Explain the conflict between President Truman and General MacArthur.

4. SECTION 2 The Cold War Heats Up China Becomes a Communist Country • Nationalists Versus Communists • Chinese Communists battle nationalist government of Chiang Kai-shek • U.S. supports Chiang, but his government is inefficient, corrupt • Communists, led by Mao Zedong, work to get peasant support • Peasants flock to Red Army; by 1945, communists control north China Continued . . . NEXT

5. SECTION 2: THE COLD WAR HEATS UP • CHINA: For two decades, Chinese communists had struggled against the nationalist government of Chiang Kai-Shek The U.S. supported Chiang and gave the Nationalist Party $3 billion in aid during WWII However, Mao Zedong’s Communist Party in China was strong, especially among Chinese peasants

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7. SECTION 2 continuedChina Becomes a Communist Country • Renewed Civil War • 1944–47, U.S. sends military aid to Nationalists to oppose communism • 1949, Nationalists flee to island of Taiwan • Communists establish People’s Republic of China in mainland • U.S. does not recognize Communist Chinese government • America Reacts to Communist Takeover • U.S. public stunned by Communist takeover • Conservatives blame Truman for not sending enough aid NEXT

8. CHINESE CIVIL WAR: 1944-1947 • After Japan left China at the end of the War, Chinese Nationalists and Communists fought a bloody civil war • Despite the U.S. sending $ billions to the Nationalists, the Communists under Mao won the war and ruled China • Chiang and the Nationalists fled China to neighboring Taiwan (Formosa) • Mao established the People’s Republic of China MAO Kai-Shek

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10. MAIN IDEA QUESTIONS • A – What factors led to the Communist takeover in China? • The Nationalist were corrupt and non-supportive of the peasants. • The communist had strong leadership, and they worked to win peasant support.

11. AMERICA STUNNED • The American public was shocked that China had fallen to the Communists • Many believed containment had failed and communism was expanding • American fear of communism and communist expansion was increasing

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13. SECTION 2 The Korean War A Divided Country • 38th parallel (38º N latitude) divides Japanese surrender in Korea • North of 38th parallel surrenders to U.S.S.R.; south to U.S. • Republic of Korea, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea founded • North Korea Attacks South Korea • 1950, North Korea invades South, begins Korean War • South Korea calls on UN to stop invasion; Security Council approves • MacArthur put in command of South Korean, U.S., other forces NEXT

14. KOREAN WAR Soviet controlled • Japan had taken over Korea in 1910 and ruled it until August 1945 • As WWII ended, Japanese troops north of the 38th parallel surrendered to the Soviets • Japanese soldiers south of the 38th surrendered to the Americans • As in Germany, two nations developed, one communist (North Korea) and one democratic (South Korea) U.S. controlled

15. NORTH KOREA ATTACKS SOUTH KOREA • On June 25, 1950, North Korean forces swept across the 38th parallel in a surprise attack on South Korea • With only 500 U.S. troops in South Korea, the Soviets figured the Americans would not fight to save South Korea • Instead, America sent troops, planes and ships to South Korea

16. MACARTHUR’S COUNTERATTACK • At first, North Korea seemed unstoppable • However, General MacArthur launched a counterattack with tanks, heavy artillery, and troops • Many North Koreans surrendered; others retreated across the 38th parallel

17. INCHON LANDING

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19. B – How did Korea become a divided nation after World War II? • North Korea surrendered to the Soviets. • South Korea surrendered to the United States. • Two separate countries emerged; • North Korea and South Korea

20. CHINA JOINS THE FIGHT • Just as it looked like the Americans were going to score a victory in the North, 300,000 Chinese soldiers joined the war on the side of the North Koreans • The fight between North and South Korea had turned into a war in which the main opponents were Chinese Communists vs. America

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22. C – How did the involvement of communist China affect the Korean War? • Just as UN forces had overtaken North Korea, • the Chinese entered the war on the side of North Korea and pushed the UN troops southward.

23. SECTION 2 The United States Fights in Korea • MacArthur’s Counterattack • North Korea drives south, captures Seoul • UN, South Korean troops forced into small defensive zone • MacArthur attacks North Koreans from 2 sides, pushes into north • The Chinese Fight Back • China sends troops to help North Korea; push south, capture Seoul • Fighting continues for 2 more years Continued . . . NEXT

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25. MacArthur Wins!

26. SECTION 2 continuedThe United States Fights in Korea • MacArthur Recommends Attacking China • MacArthur calls for war with China; Truman rejects request • Soviet Union, China have mutual assistance pact • UN, South Korea retake Seoul, advance north to 38th parallel • MacArthur Versus Truman • MacArthur continues to push for invasion of China; Truman fires him • Public outraged over hero’s dismissal • Congressional committee investigation concludes Truman right Continued . . . NEXT

27. MACARTHUR RECOMMENDS ATTACKING CHINA • To halt the bloody stalemate, General MacArthur called for an extension of the war into China • Furthermore, MacArthur called for the U.S. to drop atomic bombs on several Chinese cities • President Truman rejected the General’s requests

28. MACARTHUR VS. TRUMAN • MacArthur continued to urge President Truman to attack China and tried to go behind Truman’s back – Truman was furious with his general • On April 1, 1951, Truman made the shocking announcement that he had fired MacArthur • Americans were surprised and many still supported their fallen general Macarthur was given a ticker-tape parade

29. D – How did Truman and MacArthur differ over strategy in the Korean War? • MacArthur wanted to wage full-scale nuclear war against China. • Truman wanted to limit the war.

30. SECTION 2 continuedThe United States Fights in Korea • Settling for Stalemate • 1951, Soviet Union suggests cease-fire • 1953 armistice: Korea still divided; demilitarized zone established • Lack of success, high human, financial costs help elect Eisenhower NEXT

31. AN ARMISTICE IS SIGNED • Negotiators began working on a settlement as early as the summer of 1951 • Finally, in July 1953, an agreement was signed that ended the war in a stalemate (38th parallel) • America’s cost: 54,000 lives and $67 billion Korean War Memorial, Washington D.C.

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