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Religion

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Religion

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    1. Religion “That institution in society that helps people adjust to those things that are both undesirable and inescapable.”

    2. Definitions & Key Elements Emile Durkheim Religion is: “a unified system of beliefs and practices relative to sacred things ... which unites into one single moral community called a church all those who adhere to them“ Symbols Signs to which we attach generalized meaning A vehicle for the conception of meanings

    3. Definitions & Key Elements Binary Opposition Normal/Deviant Good/Evil Sacred and Profane Sacred Things set apart, forbidden Awe & Reverence Profane All that is not sacred The mundane, every day aspects of life

    4. Definitions & Key Elements Ritual Required Practices Forbidden Acts Shared Beliefs Purpose & Meaning of Existence Commonly-held moral code

    5. Sociological Conceptions of Religion Emile Durkheim Solidarity Social Integration Moral Regulation The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life (1912) Totemic Society & Religion When a society worships its god, it is worshipping itself

    6. Sociological Conceptions of Religion Karl Marx Mode of Production ? Relations of Production ? Superstructure Family, Religion, the State, Education, Culture Reproduce Legitimate “Religion is the Opiate of the Masses”

    7. Sociological Conceptions of Religion Max Weber The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism Life as a “calling” in service to God Asceticism Calvinism & Predestination Search for signs of election Culture/Religion ? Capitalism Habits of thought & action Formal rationality; hard work, self-denial Accumulation of wealth

    8. Formal Rationality & Bureaucracy Organizations as “Cultural Carriers” Formal Rationality as key cultural development of modern age Calculability Efficiency Predictability Maximum Control Rise of Bureaucracy

    9. “Ideal-Typical” Bureaucracy Break down all tasks into a series of specialized tasks (aka “offices”) Power resides in the office, not the person Hierarchy of command Power flows downward Officials pursue a career in the organization Are full-time employees Universalistic v. Particularistic Criteria

    10. “Ideal-Typical” Bureaucracy Work is organized by documents, stored in files Impersonal conduct of work Exhaustive rules

    11. Advantages of Bureaucracy Efficient, predictable organization of tasks Effective means to an end Clear delineation of authority & responsibility Equality of opportunity All “ideally”

    12. Disadvantages of Bureaucracy Impersonality Can trump humanity Can protect incompetence Goal displacement Misplaced authority Challenger BART

    13. Scientific Management Frederick W. Taylor Attempt to apply principles of formal rationality to all industrial production Time & Motion Studies Piece-Rate Payment System Managers/Supervisors to Coordinate & monitor production Worker criticisms

    14. Human Relations Management Testing Taylorism (scientific management) The Human Factor The Hawthorne studies Elton Mayo, Frederick Roethlisberger, William Dixon The lighting experiment The bank-wiring experiment Humans control the production process

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